Apple tree fertilization is generally divided into base fertilizer and topdressing. The specific fertilization time varies depending on the growth status of the tree body and the fertilization method. The types, quantities and methods of fertilization vary from period to period.
First, the base fertilizer.
The base fertilizer based on the application of organic fertilizer is most suitable for autumn application. The time of the autumn application of the base fertilizer is best after harvesting the mid-ripening varieties and before harvesting, which is generally from late September to early October. Autumn Shiji Fertilizer has the following benefits:
First, the soil temperature of the main root distribution layer of apple is suitable, the root growth is large, and the absorption function is also active. After fertilization, it is beneficial to root absorption. Second, fertilization is beneficial to increase the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves and increase the accumulation of carbohydrates. Third, the application of organic fertilizer in the fall has more time for the roots to absorb, operate, and store in the tree. Long-term fertilization experiments have shown that in the autumn fertilization (especially nitrogen fertilizer), the starch content, nitrogen content, and catalase activity in the shoots of the apple shoots were significantly improved before the spring bud germination. The dry-week growth is large, the flower buds are of good quality, the reproductive organs are well developed, the fruit set is increased, and the fruit yield and quality are significantly improved. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer in autumn is an important part of the apple garden fertilization system and the basis for fertilization throughout the year.
The base fertilizer should be combined with organic fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer. Organic fertilizers should be mainly delayed-acting and semi-late-acting fertilizers, such as pig manure, cattle horse manure and human excrement, etc., according to the results of one dose. Quick-acting fertilizers, mainly nitrogen fertilizers and superphosphates. In order to give full play to the fertilizer effect, several kinds of fertilizers can be piled together and then mixed and applied. The application amount of base fertilizer should be calculated according to the active ingredient, which should account for about 70% of the total fertilization amount in the whole year, and the amount of chemical fertilizer should account for 2/5 of the whole year.
Second, topdressing.
Refers to the quick-acting fertilizer added in the growing season of the fruit tree according to the needs of the tree. The topdressing should be arranged flexibly due to the tree.
Wang Changshu: The time of topdressing should avoid the new shoots of the nutrition distribution center, and advocate the “two stop†topdressing (spring shoots and autumn shoots stop long-term), especially paying attention to the “autumn stop†topdressing, which is conducive to the distribution of balanced, moderate and prosperous . The type of fertilizer should focus on phosphorus and potassium to promote flowering.
Debilitating trees: It is necessary to apply quick-acting fertilizers before the prolonged period, with nitrate-based nitrogen as the main factor, which is conducive to promoting growth.
The result is strong tree: the purpose of topdressing is to ensure high yield and maintain the tree. Chasing before germination: mainly nitrate-nitrogen, which is beneficial to germination, flowering and fruit setting. Chasing when the fruit is inflated: mainly based on phosphorus and potassium, combined with ammonium nitrogen, accelerates the opening of the fruit, and promotes the increase of sugar and color. In the growing season of apples, it is also possible to properly carry out the top dressing according to the growth condition of the tree and the soil fertilization.
Third, nutrient management technology.
Apply the base fertilizer immediately after harvesting, generally in the middle and late October, using the ditch method, the ditch depth is 0.5-0.6 m, 3500-3900 kg organic fertilizer, mixed with calcium-magnesium-phosphorus fertilizer 100 kg, mixed with soil and applied to the ditch . In the spring of March, the topdressing was carried out in the middle of the year. The bio-organic fertilizer was 100 kg, the silicon fertilizer was 40 kg, the 15-15-15 compound fertilizer was 40 kg, and the potassium sulfate was 30 kg. The fertilization method was used to fertilize (5-6 pieces, 0.5 m from the trunk). It is 1.2 meters long, 0.4 meters wide and 0.3 meters deep. The soil is mixed and applied. In the spring of June, the topdressing was once in the middle, 15-15-15 compound fertilizer 30 kg, potassium sulfate 20 kg, fertilized by the radiation ditch method, and the fertilizer was mixed and applied. Water is perfused after each application.
The fertilization ditch is exchanged every year, and now 80% of the soil in the park has been organicized. 3 to 5% zinc sulphate and urea are sprayed 3 to 4 times a year before germination, 0.2 to 0.3% of borax is sprayed 2 to 3 times before flowering, and 0.3 to 0.4% of amino acid calcium is sprayed 2 to 3 times during the young fruit period. Watering is timely in the growing season, and the soil is ploughed in time after watering and after rain.
Fourth, other management.
The method of artificial pollination and bee pollination is combined to increase the fruit setting rate; before flowering, the flower is thinned and the fruit is fruited, and the fruit is set before the bagging. Generally, one fruit is left for each inflorescence, and one fruit is left every 0.1 m, leaving high quality fruit. Bagging at the beginning of June, and finishing in early June. Take off the bag 20 to 25 days before harvesting. After the bag is removed, the leaves are picked and the fruit is transferred to improve the quality.
Five, comments.
There are two outstanding features in the transformation of the orchard: First, the structure of the tree is reasonable, and the advantage of the backbone branch is obvious without the need for ring stripping. The second is to pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers and base fertilizers. The types, proportions and periods of topdressing are more reasonable.
First, the base fertilizer.
The base fertilizer based on the application of organic fertilizer is most suitable for autumn application. The time of the autumn application of the base fertilizer is best after harvesting the mid-ripening varieties and before harvesting, which is generally from late September to early October. Autumn Shiji Fertilizer has the following benefits:
First, the soil temperature of the main root distribution layer of apple is suitable, the root growth is large, and the absorption function is also active. After fertilization, it is beneficial to root absorption. Second, fertilization is beneficial to increase the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves and increase the accumulation of carbohydrates. Third, the application of organic fertilizer in the fall has more time for the roots to absorb, operate, and store in the tree. Long-term fertilization experiments have shown that in the autumn fertilization (especially nitrogen fertilizer), the starch content, nitrogen content, and catalase activity in the shoots of the apple shoots were significantly improved before the spring bud germination. The dry-week growth is large, the flower buds are of good quality, the reproductive organs are well developed, the fruit set is increased, and the fruit yield and quality are significantly improved. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer in autumn is an important part of the apple garden fertilization system and the basis for fertilization throughout the year.
The base fertilizer should be combined with organic fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer. Organic fertilizers should be mainly delayed-acting and semi-late-acting fertilizers, such as pig manure, cattle horse manure and human excrement, etc., according to the results of one dose. Quick-acting fertilizers, mainly nitrogen fertilizers and superphosphates. In order to give full play to the fertilizer effect, several kinds of fertilizers can be piled together and then mixed and applied. The application amount of base fertilizer should be calculated according to the active ingredient, which should account for about 70% of the total fertilization amount in the whole year, and the amount of chemical fertilizer should account for 2/5 of the whole year.
Second, topdressing.
Refers to the quick-acting fertilizer added in the growing season of the fruit tree according to the needs of the tree. The topdressing should be arranged flexibly due to the tree.
Wang Changshu: The time of topdressing should avoid the new shoots of the nutrition distribution center, and advocate the “two stop†topdressing (spring shoots and autumn shoots stop long-term), especially paying attention to the “autumn stop†topdressing, which is conducive to the distribution of balanced, moderate and prosperous . The type of fertilizer should focus on phosphorus and potassium to promote flowering.
Debilitating trees: It is necessary to apply quick-acting fertilizers before the prolonged period, with nitrate-based nitrogen as the main factor, which is conducive to promoting growth.
The result is strong tree: the purpose of topdressing is to ensure high yield and maintain the tree. Chasing before germination: mainly nitrate-nitrogen, which is beneficial to germination, flowering and fruit setting. Chasing when the fruit is inflated: mainly based on phosphorus and potassium, combined with ammonium nitrogen, accelerates the opening of the fruit, and promotes the increase of sugar and color. In the growing season of apples, it is also possible to properly carry out the top dressing according to the growth condition of the tree and the soil fertilization.
Third, nutrient management technology.
Apply the base fertilizer immediately after harvesting, generally in the middle and late October, using the ditch method, the ditch depth is 0.5-0.6 m, 3500-3900 kg organic fertilizer, mixed with calcium-magnesium-phosphorus fertilizer 100 kg, mixed with soil and applied to the ditch . In the spring of March, the topdressing was carried out in the middle of the year. The bio-organic fertilizer was 100 kg, the silicon fertilizer was 40 kg, the 15-15-15 compound fertilizer was 40 kg, and the potassium sulfate was 30 kg. The fertilization method was used to fertilize (5-6 pieces, 0.5 m from the trunk). It is 1.2 meters long, 0.4 meters wide and 0.3 meters deep. The soil is mixed and applied. In the spring of June, the topdressing was once in the middle, 15-15-15 compound fertilizer 30 kg, potassium sulfate 20 kg, fertilized by the radiation ditch method, and the fertilizer was mixed and applied. Water is perfused after each application.
The fertilization ditch is exchanged every year, and now 80% of the soil in the park has been organicized. 3 to 5% zinc sulphate and urea are sprayed 3 to 4 times a year before germination, 0.2 to 0.3% of borax is sprayed 2 to 3 times before flowering, and 0.3 to 0.4% of amino acid calcium is sprayed 2 to 3 times during the young fruit period. Watering is timely in the growing season, and the soil is ploughed in time after watering and after rain.
Fourth, other management.
The method of artificial pollination and bee pollination is combined to increase the fruit setting rate; before flowering, the flower is thinned and the fruit is fruited, and the fruit is set before the bagging. Generally, one fruit is left for each inflorescence, and one fruit is left every 0.1 m, leaving high quality fruit. Bagging at the beginning of June, and finishing in early June. Take off the bag 20 to 25 days before harvesting. After the bag is removed, the leaves are picked and the fruit is transferred to improve the quality.
Five, comments.
There are two outstanding features in the transformation of the orchard: First, the structure of the tree is reasonable, and the advantage of the backbone branch is obvious without the need for ring stripping. The second is to pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers and base fertilizers. The types, proportions and periods of topdressing are more reasonable.
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