1.Introduction
Composting chicken manure is a side benefit of raising chickens.
Chicken manure fertilizer is very high in nitrogen and also contains a good amount of potassium and phosphorus .
But the high nitrogen in the chicken manure is dangerous to plants if the manure has not been properly composted.
There are various ways of processing chicken manure, such as physical methods, chemical methods, microbial fermentation methods.
The traditional way of making fertilizer by chicken manure is to naturally accumulate it to for 5 to 6 months`fermentation . In such way ,the smell not only causes air pollution but also causes nutrient loss.
However , If the chicken manure are treated by microbial fermentation , it can not only speed up the fermentation process, shorten the fermentation time, prevent waste to improve the nutritional value ; but also dry chicken manure by temperature produced byfermentation, eliminate odor, reduce environmental pollution.
In the fermentation of chicken manure,The main microorganisms that play a key role are Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Candida albicans, Candida utilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Feces Enterococcus, Trichoderma reesei, protease, cellulase and other beneficial microorganisms. These flora in the growth of metabolic substances produced in each other. In the process of fermentation, microbial flora and chicken manure form a complex and stable microecological system , which can quickly ferment chicken manure into fertilizer.
2.Advantages of microbial fermentation methods:
2.1 Start up fermentation quickly
Generally in the summer, 10 days are needed for chicken manure treated by microbial starter to achieve harmless index .However, it takes 5-6 months to achieve this indicator through natural fermentation. Mainly because the growth and reproduction of microorganisms can degrade and ferment the materials. besides . it can shorten composting time to high temperature and extend the high temperature period. In the winter, because the temperature is too low, it is difficult to start up fermentation. Microbial starter can be added into chicken manure so as to start up fermentation quickly.
2.2 Elimination of pathogenic microorganisms.
The temperature can reach 65 ℃ ~ 70 ℃ or even higher during the process of fermentation of chicken manure. High temperature not only can make chicken manure and other materials quickly decomposed, but also more importantly can effectively kill the pathogenic microorganisms or viruses . The 50-70 ℃temperature can last for 6 to 7 days. The eggs and pathogens can be easily killed at such temperature .Avian influenza virus can be killed within few minutes at the temperature 60 ℃ ~ 70 ℃ .
2.3 Elimitation of the smell
The chicken manure with microbial agents can effectively eliminate the malodorous gas .This is mainly because the microorganisms can break dowm organic substances not containing nitrogen and sulfur such as phenol, carboxylic acid, formaldehyde and other decomposition into CO2 and H20; However organic compounds containing nitrogen can be broken down into NH3.NH3 nitrite can be oxidized to NO2- by nitrifying bacteria, And then further oxidation to N03-by nitrifying bacteria -; Through microbial decomposition ,sulfur-containing malodorous substances release H2S. The H2S is oxidized into sulfuric acid, so that the pollutants can be removed.
2.4 Changes in enzyme activity
All biochemical processes in the fermentation process of chicken manure are carried out with enzymes. The activity of enymes reflects the strength of various biochemical processes . The Chicken manure are composted with microbial agents . The bacteria contains more microorganisms which can produce enzymes such as cellulase, protease, lipase and catalase. Thus, activities of various enzyme were significantly higher than those in natural heap.
2.5 Increase fertilizer efficiency
Microorganisms can easily break down decomposable substances such as starch, lipid compounds, hemicellulose and protein in chicken manure. Meanwhile , parts of cellulose and small amounts of lignin can be broken down. Some are converted to water-soluble carbon, nitrogen compounds. Part of the carbon, nitrogen source initially used by microorganisms were gradually decomposed release with the death of micro-organisms . Therefore, increasing the content of water-soluble carbon and nitrogen in the feces. Compared with natural fermentation , all kinds of enzymes produced by microbial agents can catalyze organic matter to convert to humus rapidly.The composting with microbial inoculum can synthesize more humic carbon and nitrogen in the same time. On the other hand, microbial agents can produce some acidic substances. This substance can not only reduce the PH value , reduce ammonia volatilization during fermentation, but also improve fertilizer efficiency and protect the environment.
2.6 Increase fertilizer efficiency
Improve the safety of crops. Uric acid, NH4 + -N is the material that mainly affects the normal growth of crops in the chicken manure. The microbial agents can promote the conversion of nitrogen substances Thus,reducing the accumulation of NH4 + -N and eliminating or reducing the crop Growth disorder.
2.7 Can be made into animal roughage.
Dry matter crude protein in chicken manure accounts for 31% to 33% More than half are of uric acid, urea, reatine, ammonia and other non-protein nitrogen .chicken manure itself contains crude fiber and a large number of crude fiber in paddy grass. Therefore ,chicken manure is a good feed for livestock, poultry and fish, but natural chicken manure contains parasitic eggs and some toxic substances .it can not be directly fed with natural chicken manure. Microbial agents must be added into chicken manure Then through high temperature fermentation , it become non-toxic and nutrient-rich feed.
3. How To Composting Chicken Manure
3.1 Chicken manure with moisture between 40%- 50%.
3.2 Put 1 Kg of Pangoo Compost Starter into 1000 Kg chicken manure .
3.3 Mix them evenly;
3.4 Pile up about one meter high, 2 meters wide and ferment it.
3.5 When the weather temperature under10°C, cover it with plastic film to raise the temperature quickly.
3.6 The temperature of inside the pile should be controlled at about 70°C. Nutrient may be hurt by higher temperature.
3.7 The compost moisture is better to between 60 to 65 percent.
3.8 Turning over the pile regularly during fermentation.
Applications of fermented chicken manure
1.It can be used for fish and shrimp farming . It will not cause water polluting .Besides,the fermented chicken manure is not only used as a fish and shrimp feed, but also used as a fertilizer.
2.The fermented chicken manure can be used as bio-organic fertilizer in planting and flower culture.
Microbiology fertilizer benefit
This kind of fertilizer can enhance the ability of crop resistance to disease . Accompanied with microbial rapid propagation and a series of complex biochemical reaction process, microbial agents produce a lot of special effects of metabolites (such as enzymes, hormones, antibiotics, these substance is naturally produced by the organism itself, not chemical hormone antibiotics, without any side effects).
The hormone can stimulate the crop to grow rapidly ; Antibiotics can significantly inhibit the spread of soil-borne bacteria, improving crop resistance to disease.
However ,the crude organic fertilizer without fermentation are not only without the above advantages, but also with pathogens becoming main source of transmission of crop diseases.