In the production practice, the utilization rate of superphosphate is low, mainly because the water-soluble monocalcium phosphate in the fertilizer is easily fixed and the mobility is small after being applied to the soil. Therefore, the principle of rational application of superphosphate is to reduce its contact area with the soil and to increase its exposure to the roots.
Superphosphate is one of the most widely used chemical phosphate fertilizers in China. Its main components are water-soluble monocalcium phosphate and calcium chloride which are hardly soluble in water, which account for 40%-50% and 40% of the weight of the fertilizer respectively. In addition, the fertilizer also contains a small amount of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and water-insoluble. Phosphate and other impurities such as iron, aluminum, calcium salts. It is usually grayish or light gray powder and also has a granular shape. Due to the free acid (phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid), the superphosphate is acidic and hygroscopic, and should be protected from moisture during storage and transportation. Practice has proved that the utilization rate of superphosphate is relatively low, generally only 10% to 25%. The main reason is that after it is applied to the soil, the water-soluble monocalcium phosphate in the fertilizer is easily fixed and the mobility is small. Therefore, the rational application of superphosphate is to reduce its contact area with the soil and to increase its exposure to the roots. To this end, scientific and reasonable application methods should be adopted to improve the utilization rate.
Centralized application and layered application. Superphosphate can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing, but no matter what fertilizer is used, it is effective in concentrated application. Because concentrated application (strip application, acupoint application) can reduce the contact surface between fertilizer and soil, reduce fixation, and increase the chance of contact with the root group. The concentration of fertilization point is large, which is conducive to the diffusion of phosphate to the root surface, making the root system easy. Absorb phosphorus nutrition. On the basis of concentrated application, the effect of layered application is better, that is, most of the phosphate fertilizer is applied as a base fertilizer, a small amount of shallow application or seed fertilizer, or rice roots. This can adapt to the growth of crop roots and the need for fertilizers, that is, the roots are shallow and shallow in the seedling stage, and the medium-term roots are long and deep and require more fertilizer. When planting fertilizer or root fertilizer, it should be noted that the free acid in the superphosphate is harmful to the seeds and roots. Generally, it can be mixed with 2% to 3% of the amount of phosphorus fertilizer and mixed with the seeds for half a day before being mixed with the seeds. The fertilizer should be mixed with 1-2 times of decomposed organic fertilizer or fine soil for half a day to one day, and then adjusted to a paste with water.
Mix with organic fertilizer. Mixing with organic fertilizer can reduce the fixation of phosphorus, because on the one hand, it reduces contact with soil, on the other hand, the decomposition product of organic fertilizer can reduce the fixation of phosphorus in iron and aluminum in soil.
Made into granular fertilizer. It is effective to apply superphosphate to a particle having a particle size of 3 to 5 mm and applying it on a soil having a strong fixing force. Because it gradually dissolves the available phosphorus, it lasts longer and at the same time reduces contact with the soil. Granular fertilizer is suitable for mechanical application, and it is safe to use as a seed fertilizer. However, the particle size should not be too large, and too large a particle will reduce the contact of the phosphate fertilizer with the root system. Applied on calcareous soil, it is not necessary to make granules. According to the test, the application of powdered and granular superphosphate does not make much difference.
Apply on acid soil and apply lime. Apply lime to the plough and then apply the phosphate fertilizer. Do not mix the lime with the superphosphate to avoid reducing the effectiveness of the phosphate fertilizer.
Topdressing outside the roots. Spraying superphosphate as a root spray is also a cost-effective method to prevent phosphorus from being fixed in the soil and directly absorbed by the crop. Before spraying, soak the superphosphate with 10 times water for overnight, and dilute the supernatant with water to the desired concentration and spray. Spraying different concentrations of various crops, rice, wheat and other cereal crops can be used 1% ~ 3% leachate, fruit trees can be used about 2% concentration, cotton, vegetables, etc. can be used 1% concentration.
Calcium superphosphate is particularly suitable for use in soils that are deficient in sulfur, even in soils that are not deficient in sulfur, and are particularly suitable for particularly sulfur-demanding crops such as cereals, beans, peanuts, pasture, and the like.
Superphosphate is one of the most widely used chemical phosphate fertilizers in China. Its main components are water-soluble monocalcium phosphate and calcium chloride which are hardly soluble in water, which account for 40%-50% and 40% of the weight of the fertilizer respectively. In addition, the fertilizer also contains a small amount of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and water-insoluble. Phosphate and other impurities such as iron, aluminum, calcium salts. It is usually grayish or light gray powder and also has a granular shape. Due to the free acid (phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid), the superphosphate is acidic and hygroscopic, and should be protected from moisture during storage and transportation. Practice has proved that the utilization rate of superphosphate is relatively low, generally only 10% to 25%. The main reason is that after it is applied to the soil, the water-soluble monocalcium phosphate in the fertilizer is easily fixed and the mobility is small. Therefore, the rational application of superphosphate is to reduce its contact area with the soil and to increase its exposure to the roots. To this end, scientific and reasonable application methods should be adopted to improve the utilization rate.
Centralized application and layered application. Superphosphate can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing, but no matter what fertilizer is used, it is effective in concentrated application. Because concentrated application (strip application, acupoint application) can reduce the contact surface between fertilizer and soil, reduce fixation, and increase the chance of contact with the root group. The concentration of fertilization point is large, which is conducive to the diffusion of phosphate to the root surface, making the root system easy. Absorb phosphorus nutrition. On the basis of concentrated application, the effect of layered application is better, that is, most of the phosphate fertilizer is applied as a base fertilizer, a small amount of shallow application or seed fertilizer, or rice roots. This can adapt to the growth of crop roots and the need for fertilizers, that is, the roots are shallow and shallow in the seedling stage, and the medium-term roots are long and deep and require more fertilizer. When planting fertilizer or root fertilizer, it should be noted that the free acid in the superphosphate is harmful to the seeds and roots. Generally, it can be mixed with 2% to 3% of the amount of phosphorus fertilizer and mixed with the seeds for half a day before being mixed with the seeds. The fertilizer should be mixed with 1-2 times of decomposed organic fertilizer or fine soil for half a day to one day, and then adjusted to a paste with water.
Mix with organic fertilizer. Mixing with organic fertilizer can reduce the fixation of phosphorus, because on the one hand, it reduces contact with soil, on the other hand, the decomposition product of organic fertilizer can reduce the fixation of phosphorus in iron and aluminum in soil.
Made into granular fertilizer. It is effective to apply superphosphate to a particle having a particle size of 3 to 5 mm and applying it on a soil having a strong fixing force. Because it gradually dissolves the available phosphorus, it lasts longer and at the same time reduces contact with the soil. Granular fertilizer is suitable for mechanical application, and it is safe to use as a seed fertilizer. However, the particle size should not be too large, and too large a particle will reduce the contact of the phosphate fertilizer with the root system. Applied on calcareous soil, it is not necessary to make granules. According to the test, the application of powdered and granular superphosphate does not make much difference.
Apply on acid soil and apply lime. Apply lime to the plough and then apply the phosphate fertilizer. Do not mix the lime with the superphosphate to avoid reducing the effectiveness of the phosphate fertilizer.
Topdressing outside the roots. Spraying superphosphate as a root spray is also a cost-effective method to prevent phosphorus from being fixed in the soil and directly absorbed by the crop. Before spraying, soak the superphosphate with 10 times water for overnight, and dilute the supernatant with water to the desired concentration and spray. Spraying different concentrations of various crops, rice, wheat and other cereal crops can be used 1% ~ 3% leachate, fruit trees can be used about 2% concentration, cotton, vegetables, etc. can be used 1% concentration.
Calcium superphosphate is particularly suitable for use in soils that are deficient in sulfur, even in soils that are not deficient in sulfur, and are particularly suitable for particularly sulfur-demanding crops such as cereals, beans, peanuts, pasture, and the like.
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