Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, November 22 The State Council Information Office published on the 22nd "China's Policies and Actions in Response to Climate Change (2011)"***. The full text is as follows:
China's Policies and Actions in Response to Climate Change (2011)
(November 22, 2011)
Preface to the State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China I. Mitigation of climate change II. Adaptation to climate change III. Basic capacity building IV. Participation by the whole society 5. Participation in international negotiations VI. Strengthen international cooperation 7. Objectives and tasks in the 12th Five-Year Plan period Policy Actions 8. China's Basic Position for International Participation in Climate Change Conclusion Concluding Remarks Climate change is a global issue of universal concern to the international community. In recent years, extreme climate events such as hot summers, droughts, and floods have occurred frequently, and the impact of climate change has become increasingly apparent. It is the mainstream of the world today that all countries have joined hands to tackle climate change and jointly promote green and low-carbon development.
China is the world’s largest developing country, with a large population, lack of energy resources, complex climatic conditions, and fragile ecological environment. It has not yet completed the historical task of industrialization and urbanization, and its development is unbalanced. In 2010, the per capita GDP was just over 29,000 yuan. According to the poverty standards of the United Nations, there are still hundreds of millions of poor people. The task of developing the economy, eliminating poverty, and improving people's livelihood is very arduous. At the same time, China is one of the countries most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Global climate change has had a number of adverse effects on China’s economic and social development and has become a major challenge for sustainable development.
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to the issue of climate change and has taken active response to climate change as a major issue that has a bearing on the overall development of the economy and society, and has included the medium and long-term plans for economic and social development. In 2006, China proposed a binding indicator that the energy consumption per unit of GDP in 2010 fell by about 20% compared with 2005. In 2007, the first national program for developing and implementing climate change was established in developing countries, and in 2009, it was determined. By 2020, the greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP will be 40%-45% lower than in 2005.
In order to accomplish the above objectives and tasks, China has adopted a series of major policy measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period (2006-2010), and has achieved remarkable results. The “Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China†formulated and implemented in 2011 established the policy orientation of green and low-carbon development in the next five years and defined the objectives and tasks for addressing climate change. In the international negotiations on climate change, China has always played an active and constructive role in pushing forward the negotiation process and made important contributions to coping with global climate change. In order to enable the international community to fully understand China's policies and actions to combat climate change during the “11th Five-Year Plan†period, as well as the positive results achieved and the overall deployment of climate change during the “12th Five-Year Plan†period and related negotiating stances, a special publication was made. .
1. Climate Change Mitigation During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China has accelerated the transformation of its economic development model, achieved significant results by adjusting industrial structure and energy structure, saving energy, improving energy efficiency, and increasing carbon sinks.
(I) Optimize the transformation of industrial structure and upgrade traditional industries. Formulate and publish plans for the adjustment and revitalization of the top ten key industries such as automobiles and steels, revise the Catalogue for Guiding Industrial Structure Adjustment, and promulgate the “Several Opinions on Suppressing Overcapacity in Some Industries and Duplicate Construction to Guide the Healthy Development of Industriesâ€. Improve the access threshold for high-energy-consuming industries, carry out energy-saving assessment and review of fixed-asset investment projects, strengthen technological upgrading and upgrading of traditional industries, promote mergers and acquisitions of enterprises, and adjust export tax rebate policies for coal, some nonferrous metals, billets and fertilizers, etc. The products are subject to export tariffs, which suppress the export of high energy-consuming, high-emission and resource-based products. Accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity. Through the "large pressure on small," the cumulative closure of small thermal power units 76.82 million kilowatts, elimination of backward steel production capacity of 72 million tons, iron production capacity of 120 million tons, cement production capacity of 370 million tons, coke production capacity of 107 million tons, paper production capacity of 11.3 million Tons, glass capacity 45 million weight boxes. In the power sector, the thermal power generating unit with a capacity of more than 300,000 kilowatts has increased from 47% in 2005 to 71% in 2010, and the proportion of large-scale blast furnace ironmaking capacity in the iron and steel industry above 1,000 cubic meters has increased from 48% to 61%. The electrolytic aluminum industry The proportion of large pre-baked trough production increased from 80% to more than 90%. The concentration of key industries such as steel, cement, non-ferrous metals, machinery, and automobiles has been significantly increased, and the energy consumption of key industries has been significantly reduced. From 2005 to 2010, thermal power coal consumption dropped from 370 g/kWh to 333 g/kWh, a drop of 10%; overall energy consumption per ton of steel fell from 694 kg of standard coal to 605 kg of standard coal, down 12.8%; cement The energy consumption dropped by 24.6%; the comprehensive energy consumption of ethylene dropped by 11.6%; the comprehensive energy consumption of synthetic ammonia dropped by 14.3%.
Cultivate and expand strategic emerging industries. Formulated and promulgated the "Decision on Accelerating the Cultivation and Development of Strategic Emerging Industries," and clarified the overall thinking, key tasks, and policy measures for cultivating and developing strategic emerging industries. Selected key areas for strategic emerging industries, implemented a number of major projects, and built a number of major projects. Accelerate the construction of a national innovation system, implement knowledge innovation projects and technological innovation projects, and step up major technological breakthroughs. Launched a venture capital project for emerging industries, initiated the establishment of 20 venture capital investments, and supported the growth of innovative companies in strategic emerging industries such as energy conservation and environmental protection and new energy. In 2010, the output value of China’s high-tech manufacturing industry reached 7.6 trillion yuan, ranking second in the world, and more than doubled from 2005.
Accelerate the development of the service industry. Formulate and implement important documents such as "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry" and "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Certain Service Policies and Measures on the Service Industry", and vigorously promote the development of the production, industry, and industry. Issued "Guidelines for Accelerating the Development of High-tech Service Industry." From 2005 to 2010, the average value-added of China's service industry grew at an average annual rate of 11.9%, 0.7% higher than the average annual growth rate of GDP, and the ratio of value added of service industry to GDP increased from 40.3% to 43%.
(B) Save energy, strengthen the target responsibility assessment. Decomposition and implementation of energy-saving target responsibilities, established a statistical monitoring and evaluation system, and regularly evaluated and evaluated the completion of energy-saving targets and the implementation of energy-saving measures in 31 provincial-level governments and 1,000 key enterprises across the country. In 2010, 18 key areas across the country launched special inspections of energy conservation and emission reductions, conducted stringent target responsibility assessments and accountability, and promoted the realization of national energy conservation goals.
Promote energy conservation in key areas. Implement ten key energy conservation projects such as industrial boiler (kiln) reform, cogeneration, energy saving of motor systems, and utilization of waste heat and pressure, carry out energy conservation actions for 1,000 enterprises, strengthen energy conservation management of key energy-consuming enterprises, and promote energy audit and energy efficiency benchmarking activities . Carry out special campaigns for the low-carbon transportation of thousands of enterprises in “cars, boats, roads and ports†and vigorously develop urban public transport. We will increase the implementation rate of mandatory energy-saving standards for newly-built buildings, speed up energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, promote the application of renewable energy in buildings, and carry out energy-saving reforms for office buildings of government agencies. As of the end of 2010, the proportion of mandatory standards for implementing energy conservation in the new construction design phase of urban construction in the country was 99.5%, and the proportion of mandatory standards for energy conservation in the construction phase was 95.4%. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, a total of 4.857 billion square meters of energy-saving building area was built, and a total of 46 million tons of standard coal was formed. Launched energy-saving actions in the retail industry, restricted the production, sale, and use of plastic shopping bags to suppress excessive packaging of goods.
Promote energy-saving technologies and energy-saving products. It issued a total of 115 national key energy-saving technology promotion catalogs in three batches, and promoted seven energy-saving technologies in steel, building materials, and chemical industries. Implementing energy-saving products to benefit people's projects, through financial subsidies to promote efficient lighting products, efficient air conditioning, energy-saving motors and other energy-saving products, through the central financial subsidies to support the promotion of 360 million high-efficiency lighting products, 30 million energy-efficient air-conditioning, 1 million energy-saving cars To achieve annual energy saving capacity of 20 billion kwh. Carry out demonstration and promotion of energy-saving and new energy vehicles, and firstly promote the use of hybrid, pure electric and fuel cell vehicles in public service. Establish a preferential procurement system for energy-saving products, formulate a government procurement list for energy-saving products, and implement mandatory procurement of nine types of energy-saving products such as air-conditioning, computers, and lighting. During the “11th Five-Year Plan†period, a large number of high-efficiency energy-saving technologies such as pure low-temperature waste heat power generation, new cathode aluminum electrolytic tanks, high-voltage frequency conversion, rare earth permanent magnet motors, and plasma-free oil-fired ignition systems have been widely used, and the market share of high-efficiency lighting products reached 67%. The market share of high-efficiency energy-saving air conditioners reaches 70%.
Develop a recycling economy. Develop national "urban mineral" demonstration bases and promote the scale utilization, recycling and high value utilization of waste resources such as mechanical and electrical equipment scrapped, used household appliances, waste plastics, and waste rubber in key cities. Actively promote the comprehensive utilization of bulk industrial solid waste. During the “11th Five-Year Plan†period, comprehensive utilization of fly ash is about 1 billion tons, coal gangue is about 1.1 billion tons, and smelting slag is about 500 million tons. Arrangements for central investment support the construction of remanufacturing industrialization projects. By the end of 2010, China had formed a remanufacturing capacity of 250,000 sets (sets) of automobile engines, transmissions, steering gears, and generators.
Promote energy-saving market mechanisms. Actively use market mechanisms such as contract energy management, power demand side management, and energy saving voluntary agreements to promote energy conservation. In 2010, it promulgated the Opinions on Accelerating the Implementation of Contracted Energy Management and Promoting the Development of Energy-Saving Service Industries, increasing financial support, implementing tax support policies, improving related accounting systems, improving financial services, and strengthening support for energy-saving service industries. From 2005 to 2010, the number of energy-saving service companies increased from 80 to more than 800, the number of employees increased from 16,000 to 180,000, and the scale of energy-saving service industries increased from 4.7 billion yuan to 80.4 billion yuan. * The annual energy saving capacity increased from more than 600,000 tons of standard coal to over 13 million tons of standard coal.
Improve relevant standards. Improve energy-saving engineering design standards for residential buildings in the three different climatic regions of severe cold and cold, hot summer and cold winter, and hot summer and warm winter; design standards for energy-saving design of public buildings and acceptance criteria for the construction quality of building energy-saving projects; issue 27 energy consumption limits for high energy-consuming products Mandatory national standards, 19 national mandatory energy efficiency standards for end-use energy products, the formulation of 15 national standards for the discharge of major pollutants, the issuance of 71 environmental labelling standards, and the introduction of a catalogue of energy efficiency labeling products.
Implement incentive policies. Accelerate the reform of energy price formation mechanism, implement the reform of taxation on refined oil products, implement differentiated electricity prices for high-energy-consuming industries, impose punitive electricity prices on ultra-energy-consuming products, and promote heating metering charges. A special fund for energy conservation and emission reduction was set up. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the central government has invested a total of RMB 225 billion in support of energy-saving technological transformation and promotion of energy-saving products to form an energy-saving capacity of 340 million tons of standard coal. We will steadily push forward the reform of the resource tax system, constantly improve the export tax rebate system, adjust the vehicle purchase tax policy, reform the taxation of vehicles and boats, and issue preferential tax policies for energy conservation and water conservation as well as comprehensive utilization of resources. To implement import tax preferential policies for high-efficiency, energy-saving and low-carbon products.
Through the efforts of all parties, China has completed the energy conservation goals set forth in the “Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€. In 2010, the energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 19.1% compared to 2005, which is equivalent to a reduction in the emission of more than 1.46 billion tons of carbon dioxide. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China’s annual growth rate of energy consumption of 6.6% supported the annual growth rate of the national economy of 11.2%, and the energy consumption elasticity coefficient decreased from 1.04 in the “10th Five-Year Plan†period (2001-2005) to 0.59. Mitigated the contradiction between energy supply and demand.
(III) Developing low-carbon energy sources Accelerate the development of clean energy such as natural gas. We will vigorously develop natural gas, promote the development and utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources such as coalbed methane and shale gas, and issue policies such as fiscal subsidies, tax incentives, power generation access, and electricity price subsidies, formulate and implement overall plans for the implementation and utilization of coal mine gas, and vigorously promote clean coal utilization. , To guide and encourage the use of coal mine gas and the development of CBM on the ground. Natural gas production increased from 49.3 billion cubic meters in 2005 to 94.8 billion cubic meters in 2010, an average annual increase of 14%. Natural gas accounts for 4.3% of China's energy consumption structure. The cumulative extraction of coalbed methane is 30.55 billion cubic meters, and the utilization is 11.45 billion cubic meters, equivalent to 170 million tons of carbon dioxide emission reduction.
Actively develop and utilize non-fossil energy sources. Through the guidance of state policies and capital investment, the development and utilization of low-carbon energy such as hydropower and nuclear power have been strengthened. As of the end of 2010, hydropower installed capacity reached 213 million kilowatts, which was double that of 2005; nuclear power installed capacity was 10.82 million kilowatts, and the scale under construction reached 30.97 million kilowatts. Support the development of new types of renewable energy such as wind power, solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass energy. Improve the on-grid tariff policy for wind power generation. Implementation of "Golden Sun demonstration project" and implementation of bidding for large-scale photovoltaic power plant concessions. We will improve the pricing policy for agricultural and forestry biomass power generation, increase financial support for the development of biomass energy, and strengthen rural biogas construction. In 2010, the installed capacity of wind power increased from 1.26 million kilowatts in 2005 to 31.07 million kilowatts. The installed capacity of photovoltaic power generation increased from less than 100,000 kilowatts in 2005 to 600,000 kilowatts, and the total installed solar water heaters reached 168 million square meters. Biomass power generation capacity is about 5 million kilowatts, annual utilization of biogas is about 14 billion cubic meters, national household biogas reaches about 40 million households, biofuel ethanol utilization is 1.8 million tons, and the total contribution of all kinds of biomass energy is about 15 million. Tons of standard coal.
(IV) Control of non-energy activities Greenhouse gas emissions Strengthen the control of greenhouse gas emissions in industrial production processes, agricultural activities, and waste treatment. The use of carbide slag instead of limestone to produce cement clinker and other raw material substitution technologies, blast furnace slag and fly ash, etc., as mixed materials to produce cement, and other processes, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment are used to treat nitrous oxide in the production process. Emissions, catalytic decomposition and thermal oxidative decomposition Treatment of adipic acid production N2O emissions, thermal oxidation methods HFC-23 capture and removal. Accelerate the transformation of animal husbandry production methods and reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions from farmland cultivation and livestock and poultry husbandry. The implementation of the Soil Organic Matter Enhancement and Subsidy Project was initiated, and a total of nearly 30 million mu of technical measures including straw return, green manure planting, and organic fertilizer application were promoted. We will improve urban waste standards, implement a living waste treatment and charging system, promote the use of advanced waste incineration technologies, and formulate incentive policies to promote the recycling and utilization of landfill gas. Actively carry out carbon capture, utilization and storage technology research and demonstration. According to preliminary statistics, as of the end of 2010, N2O emissions from China's industrial production process were basically stable at the level of 2005, and the rate of increase of methane emissions was controlled to a certain extent.
(5) Increasing carbon sinks to increase forest carbon sinks. We will continue to implement ecological construction projects such as the “Three North†key shelterbelt project, the key shelter forest project in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the project of returning farmland to forests, the protection of natural forests, and the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project, and conduct carbon sinks and afforestation pilots to strengthen forestry operations and With continuous management and increasing forest reserves, the central government has increased the subsidies for afforestation. The subsidy per mu has increased from 100 yuan to 200 yuan and the China Green Carbon Sink Association has been established. At present, China has preserved 26 million hectares of planted forest, and the country’s forest area has reached 195 million hectares. The forest coverage rate has increased from 18.21% in 2005 to 20.36% in 2010, and the forest reserves have reached 13.721 billion cubic meters. It reached 7.811 billion tons.
Raise farmland and grassland carbon sinks. In grassland pastoral areas, grassland protection systems such as grass-animal balance, grazing ban, grazing, and rotational grazing are implemented to control the amount of livestock carried by the grasslands and to prevent grassland degradation. We will expand the scope of implementation of the project to restore grazing land to grassland and strengthen the construction of artificial feeding grassland and irrigation grassland. Strengthen grassland disaster prevention and control, increase grassland coverage, and increase grassland carbon sinks. By 2010, the country has implemented 64.75 million mu of conservation tillage technology, 167 million mu of mechanized no-tillage sowing, and 428 million mu of smashed mechanized straw.
(6) Local governments actively promote low-carbon development to promote the pilot work of low-carbon provinces and low-carbon cities. In 2010, the pilot work of the national low-carbon provinces and low-carbon cities was started, and five provinces including Guangdong, Hubei, Liaoning, Shaanxi, and Yunnan, and eight cities including Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Nanchang and Baoding were selected as the first Batch pilot. At present, all pilot provinces and cities have set up low-carbon pilot leading groups, compiled low-carbon pilot implementation plans, and proposed carbon intensity reduction targets for the “12th Five-Year†period and 2020 in the region, and in economic development. Actively change the mode of development, deploy key actions, promote the construction of key projects for low-carbon development, vigorously develop low-carbon industries, and promote green and low-carbon development.
All regions actively explore low carbon development experience. Beijing centers on building “humanities Beijing, science and technology Beijing, and green Beijingâ€, accelerating the development of green economy, low-carbon economy and circular economy, vigorously developing strategic emerging industries and modern service industries, accelerating the low-carbon transformation of existing buildings and transportation systems, and advocating Low-carbon consumption and low-carbon lifestyle. Shanghai accelerates the optimization of energy structure, promotes pilots of low-carbon development practice areas in Hongqiao Business District, Chongming Island and other regions, implements the concept of low-carbon development in all aspects of the planning, construction, and operation of the Expo, and carries out “low-carbon Expo Voluntary Emission Reductionâ€. action". Jiangsu Province has identified 4 cities, 10 parks, and 10 companies to carry out pilot projects for low-carbon economy.
II. Adapting to climate change During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China strengthened scientific research and impact assessment of climate change, improved regulations and policies, improved the ability of key sectors to adapt to climate change, and mitigated the adverse effects of climate change on economic and social development and people’s lives.
(1) Strengthen the construction of farmland water conservancy and other infrastructure in the agricultural sector, increase the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, promote the construction of large-scale farmland for drought and flood protection and standard farmland, carry out the reconstruction of large-scale irrigation areas, renovate large-scale irrigation and drainage pumping stations, expand the area of ​​agricultural irrigation, and increase irrigation efficiency. Promote agricultural water-saving technologies, carry out comprehensive reforms of agricultural water prices, and pilot projects for water-saving reform of end-canal systems to improve disaster response capabilities. Establish and improve agricultural weather monitoring and early warning systems. To research and develop high-yield, high-quality, drought-resistant varieties, drought-resistance-resistant varieties, high-temperature-resistant varieties, disease-resistant insects, and other stress-tolerant varieties, expand the planting area of ​​improved varieties, further increase the subsidy of good varieties of crops, and accelerate the integration of good breed breeding, breeding, and promotion. At present, the coverage rate of major varieties of major crops in the country has reached more than 95%, and the contribution rate of improved varieties to grain production has reached about 40%.
(II) Preparation of national comprehensive plans for water resources, flood control plans for the seven major river basins, plans for the prevention and control of mountain flood disasters in the country, national security plans for drinking water sources in cities, and national plans for river and lake ecological protection. Strengthen watershed management and water resources management, and organize the implementation of emergency water diversions such as the introduction of Yellow River and Yellow River, the introduction of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and the introduction of water to the Yangtze River, and the implementation of the ecological replenishment of the Heihe River and the Tarim River. Accelerate the implementation of the most stringent water resources management system and improve the water resources development, utilization, conservation, and protection policy system. We will begin construction of a number of key river basin flood control projects and accelerate the construction of key water projects and key water source projects. Strengthen the management of soil erosion and complete the comprehensive treatment of soil and water conservation area of ​​230,000 square kilometers. Complete the plan to eliminate the danger and reinforce the national large and medium-sized and key small reservoirs. Increase the investment in drinking water safety in rural areas, solve the drinking water safety problem for 210 million rural people, and achieve the UN millennium development related goals six years ahead of schedule.
(3) Strengthening the construction of ocean climate observation networks in the marine sector. Through the development of an ocean observing system, a preliminary observational capability of key marine climate elements in the offshore and part of the oceans of the country has been formed, and a typical marine ecologically sensitive area monitoring system has been preliminarily constructed, effectively improving the capacity of the sea-gas CO2 exchange flux monitoring system. Fully initiated the revision of marine functional zoning at the national and coastal levels, and carried out remediation work on the sea coast and key islands. We will actively carry out demonstration projects for the restoration of marine ecosystems such as mangrove planting, protection of coral reefs, and reforestation of coastal wetlands. The observation and early warning work on marine disasters such as storm surges, waves, tsunami and sea ice has effectively reduced the number of casualties and property losses caused by various types of marine disasters. The monitoring, investigation and assessment of sea level rise, coastal erosion, seawater intrusion and soil salinization were carried out, and the reference tidal levels at 94 tide stations along the coast were re-verified. To carry out comprehensive surveys and assessments of China’s offshore oceans and systematically sort out the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of China’s marine disasters. The annual bulletin on the state of the marine environment in China, the China Sea Level Communiqué, and the China Ocean Disaster Communiqué were issued to provide support for the effective response and defense of various types of marine disasters.
(IV) The National Health Emergency Plan for Natural Disasters (for Trial Implementation) was issued in the field of health and health. The objectives and principles of health emergency response to natural disasters such as floods, droughts, meteorological disasters, and biological disasters were defined, and the health emergency response system for natural disasters was established. Levels and response measures have been formulated for health emergency response work plans for natural disasters of different types. Formulated the "Hypercalcoutics Incident Health Emergency Preparedness Plan (Trial)" and the "National Environment and Health Action Plan (2007-2015)". Organize research on drinking water hygiene, health impacts of air pollution, climatic factors-related infectious disease surveillance, and climate change impacts on vector-borne parasitic diseases and waterborne infectious diseases, and conduct studies on the mechanisms of climate change impacts on environmental-related diseases for research and development. Climate change policies and measures provide technical support.
(5) Meteorological departments in the field of meteorology issued and implemented the Weather Research Plan (2009-2014), the Climate Research Plan (2009-2014), the Applied Meteorological Research Plan (2009-2014), and the Comprehensive Weather Observation The research plan (2009-2014) issued and issued the "China Climate Observing System Implementation Plan" to promote the monitoring, estimation and assessment of climate change in China. Established the first-generation short-term climate prediction model system in China, developed a new-generation global climate system model, and conducted climate change assessments on various aspects such as national food security, water security, ecological security, and human health and safety.
III. Fundamental Capacity Building During the “11th Five-Year Plan†period, China has improved relevant laws and regulations, improved its management system and working mechanism for climate change, strengthened statistical accounting research and system building, raised the level of scientific and technological research, and strengthened climate change education and training. Capacity building has been further strengthened.
(1) Formulating relevant laws and regulations and major policy documents to improve relevant laws and regulations. Formulate or revise relevant laws such as the "Renewable Energy Law," "Circular Economy Promotion Law," "Energy Conservation Law," "Cleaner Production Promotion Law," "Water and Soil Conservation Law," "Island Protection Law," and promulgated "Civil Building Energy Conservation." Regulations, Regulations on Energy Saving in Public Institutions, Regulations on Drought Relief, Provisional Interim Measures for Energy Conservation Evaluation and Examination of Fixed Assets Investment, Measures for Supervision on Energy-saving Supervision of Special Equipment for High Energy Consumption, and Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Energy-saving and Emission-reduction of Central Enterprises "and other regulations. The preparatory work for the legislative response to climate change was carried out.
Formulate and implement China's National Climate Change Program. Clearly address the guiding ideology, major areas, and key tasks of climate change. According to the requirements of the program, 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) have completed preparations for the local climate change program and have fully entered into the organizational implementation phase. The response to climate change has been gradually incorporated into the overall layout of economic and social development in various regions. The important agenda for local governments at all levels. Relevant departments have successively issued relevant action plans and work programs in the marine, meteorological and environmental protection fields.
Issued a series of major policy documents. Released "Long-Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy", "Mid-term and Long-term Development Plan for Nuclear Power", "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" for Renewable Energy Development, "Decision on Strengthening Energy Conservation Work", and "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Circular Economy" 》and other important documents. The 2007 “Eleventh Five-Year Plan for Comprehensive Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction†released in 2007 clearly defined the specific targets, key areas, and policies and measures for energy conservation and emission reduction, and played an important role in the energy conservation and emission reduction work during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period.
(II) Perfecting the management system and working mechanism Establishing and improving the national climate change management system and working mechanism under the unified leadership of the leading group on climate change, the centralized management of the National Development and Reform Commission, the division of work among the relevant departments, and the participation of various local and various industries. . In 2007, China established the National Leading Group to Address Climate Change, the Premier of the State Council is chaired, and the ministers of the relevant 20 departments are members. The National Development and Reform Commission took on the specific tasks of the Leading Group and set up the Department of Climate Change Response in 2008 to be responsible for the overall coordination, coordination, and centralized management of climate change. Relevant departments of the Chinese government have successively established functional agencies and working mechanisms for dealing with climate change, and are responsible for organizing and carrying out work on climate change in this area. In 2010, a coordination and liaison office was established within the framework of the National Climate Change Leading Group to strengthen inter-sector coordination and coordination. The National Expert Committee on Climate Change was strengthened and adjusted, and the scientific decision-making in response to climate change was improved. All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China have established leading groups and specialized agencies for dealing with climate change, and some sub-provincial cities and prefecture-level cities have also established relevant agencies for dealing with climate change. Relevant departments of the State Council have successively established the National Research Institute for Climate Change Strategic Research and International Cooperation Center and Climate Change Research Center. Some universities and research institutes have established climate change research institutes.
(3) Strengthen the establishment of statistical accounting capacity and improve relevant energy statistics systems. The "Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Statistical Monitoring and Assessment Implementation Plan and Measures" was issued and the energy consumption accounting system was further improved. Ten new energy statistics systems were newly established to basically cover the energy consumption of all sectors of society. Various localities have improved the establishment and staffing of energy statistics agencies and strengthened energy statistics. All provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government) have established energy statistics agencies, and key energy-using units have also strengthened energy statistics and measurement. Establish a reporting system for energy use status of key energy-using units and standardize reporting and reporting of energy use status of key energy-using units. Develop technical guidelines for forestry carbon sink measurement monitoring and promote the construction of forestry carbon sink measurement and monitoring systems.
Enhance greenhouse gas emissions accounting. Following the submission of the "Initial National Information on Climate Change of the People's Republic of China" to the "Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention"), China organized the preparation of China's 2005 greenhouse gas emissions inventory and the second national information bulletin. . The establishment of the China Greenhouse Gas Inventory database, the release of the "Guidelines for the preparation of provincial greenhouse gas emission inventories (Trial)", the initiation of the preparation of provincial greenhouse gas inventory, and the launch of a series of training activities.
(4) Strengthen support for science, technology and policy research and strengthen basic research. Organize the preparation of the first and second National Climate Change Assessment Report. We carried out research on the relationship between climate change and environmental quality, coordinated control of greenhouse gases and pollutants, mechanisms of climate change and water circulation, and responses to climate change and forestry. Establish future climate change trend datasets and publish climate change forecast datasets in Asia. A number of specialized laboratories for sea-air interactions and climate change have been established and a large number of basic research projects have been carried out.
Promote climate-friendly technology research and development. In the National High-Tech Research and Development Program ("863" Program) and Science and Technology Support Program, the Clean Energy and Efficient Utilization Technology, the Key Industry Industrial Energy Saving Technology and Equipment Development, the Key Technology and Material Development of Building Energy Conservation, Key Technologies and Clean Production Key Technologies and Equipment The research and development of energy-saving technologies, such as the development model of low-carbon economy industries and the integration of key technologies, have resulted in a number of invention patents and major achievements with independent intellectual property rights. We will promote technology research and development in areas such as renewable energy and new energy development and utilization technologies, and smart grid key technologies. To carry out R&D on the use of greenhouse gases for enhanced oil recovery, the utilization of underground oil, the evaluation of the storage capacity of saltwater layers, the safety, and the preparation and screening of new types of highly efficient adsorption materials. In the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" science and technology support plan, key projects for climate change impacts and adaptation research, demonstration demonstrations for climate change adaptation technologies in typical vulnerable areas, and other project topics will be deployed. Carbon emission satellites will be organized for carbon emission monitoring. Through the “863†plan and support plan, projects such as research and demonstration of carbon sequestration and emission reduction technologies in key agriculture and forestry ecosystems, research and demonstration of key technologies in forestry ecological construction, research on monitoring, early warning, and regulation of agricultural major climate disasters have been established. Implementing the National Science and Technology Support Program “Evaluation and Application of Energy-saving and Emission-reducing Technologies in Key Industriesâ€. In 2010, the National Engineering Research (Technical) Center and the National Engineering Laboratory reached 288 and 91 respectively.
Strengthen research on climate change strategies and policies. Focusing on the major tasks of tackling climate change during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, we will study the long-term strategy for combating climate change, carry out China's low-carbon development strategy, the national overall climate change adaptation strategy, carbon emission trading mechanisms, and domestic and international research on relevant laws and regulations concerning climate change. Launched China's special scientific and technological action for addressing climate change, with a total investment of about 110 million yuan, to carry out major research on China's green development strategy and technical issues.
(e) Strengthen education and training Gradually incorporate climate change into the national education system. Chinese and higher education institutions have stepped up education on the environment and climate change, successively established environmental and climate change-related majors, and strengthened the construction of climate change education and scientific research bases, playing a positive role in training professionals in the field of climate change.
Strengthen the training of leading cadres on climate change knowledge. By organizing collective learning, lectures, and reporting sessions, we can effectively raise the awareness of the climate change and the scientific management of leading cadres at all levels. Relevant departments of the Central Government held training courses on climate change, sustainable development and environmental management, training courses for decision-makers at the provincial level on climate change, training courses on administrative capacity of local government officials for clean development mechanisms, and workshops on capacity building for adaptation to climate change. , provincial greenhouse gas inventory preparation capacity building training class. Local governments have also actively conducted climate change-related training.
4. The whole society participates in China actively promotes scientific knowledge on climate change, raises public awareness of low-carbon development, places emphasis on the enthusiasm of non-government organizations, the media, etc., and adopts various channels and means to guide all citizens to actively participate in climate change action.
(1) The government has actively guided the preparation and publication of the Annual Report on China's Policies and Actions in Response to Climate Change since 2008, which will fully introduce China's policies and progress in combating climate change. Organize and carry out a series of activities in the “Energy Conservation Week†to popularize energy conservation, emission reduction and climate change knowledge. Utilizing theme days such as World Environment Day, World Meteorological Day, World Earth Day, World Oceans Day, World Car Free Day, National Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day, and National Science Popular Day, we will actively carry out science propaganda on climate change. Some local governments, including Beijing, Tianjin, Guiyang, etc., have organized activities such as large-scale international symposiums, forums, and exhibitions in areas such as climate change, energy conservation, and environmental protection to strengthen exchanges of experience in low-carbon development with countries around the world, and strengthen public response to climate change and energy conservation. Low-carbon awareness. We should give full play to the role of traditional media such as newspapers, radio, television, and magazines, as well as new media such as the Internet and mobile phones, and step up publicity and education in response to climate change and energy conservation and low carbon.
(2) Non-governmental organizations actively promote the establishment of a low-carbon land and soil experimental zone by the China National Territorial Economics Association. The China Environmental Protection Federation and the China Tourism Association carry out the first batch of trials of low-carbon tourism pilot zones in 48 tourist attractions, the China Iron and Steel Association and the National The General Trade Union organizes the national competition for energy saving and consumption reduction for key large-scale energy-consuming iron and steel production equipment. The China Energy Conservation Association and other organizations hold high-level media forums on climate change and low-carbon economic development. Coal Industry Association of China, China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Association, China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, China Federation of Building Materials, China Electric Power Enterprise Association, etc. In the industry, energy saving planning, the formulation and implementation of energy-saving standards, energy-saving technology promotion, energy consumption statistics, energy-saving Promotional training and information consultation have played an important role. Some public welfare organizations also actively carried out publicity and education activities and raised public awareness of climate change.
(III) The news media vigorously promoted the efforts of the Chinese media to constantly increase their efforts to cope with climate change and energy conservation and low-carbon propaganda coverage. Prepared and published a series of science propaganda albums on climate change and meteorological disaster prevention, and produced films such as “Climate Changeâ€, “The Warming of the Earthâ€, “Climate Changeâ€, “The World is Cool and Hotâ€, etc. To timely track and report global hot news on climate change, actively introduce China's policies, actions and progress in addressing climate change, advocate the concept of low-carbon life, increase understanding and awareness of climate change in all sectors of society, and demonstrate China’s efforts in combating climate change. Efforts and achievements.
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China's Policies and Actions in Response to Climate Change (2011)
(November 22, 2011)
Preface to the State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China I. Mitigation of climate change II. Adaptation to climate change III. Basic capacity building IV. Participation by the whole society 5. Participation in international negotiations VI. Strengthen international cooperation 7. Objectives and tasks in the 12th Five-Year Plan period Policy Actions 8. China's Basic Position for International Participation in Climate Change Conclusion Concluding Remarks Climate change is a global issue of universal concern to the international community. In recent years, extreme climate events such as hot summers, droughts, and floods have occurred frequently, and the impact of climate change has become increasingly apparent. It is the mainstream of the world today that all countries have joined hands to tackle climate change and jointly promote green and low-carbon development.
China is the world’s largest developing country, with a large population, lack of energy resources, complex climatic conditions, and fragile ecological environment. It has not yet completed the historical task of industrialization and urbanization, and its development is unbalanced. In 2010, the per capita GDP was just over 29,000 yuan. According to the poverty standards of the United Nations, there are still hundreds of millions of poor people. The task of developing the economy, eliminating poverty, and improving people's livelihood is very arduous. At the same time, China is one of the countries most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Global climate change has had a number of adverse effects on China’s economic and social development and has become a major challenge for sustainable development.
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to the issue of climate change and has taken active response to climate change as a major issue that has a bearing on the overall development of the economy and society, and has included the medium and long-term plans for economic and social development. In 2006, China proposed a binding indicator that the energy consumption per unit of GDP in 2010 fell by about 20% compared with 2005. In 2007, the first national program for developing and implementing climate change was established in developing countries, and in 2009, it was determined. By 2020, the greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP will be 40%-45% lower than in 2005.
In order to accomplish the above objectives and tasks, China has adopted a series of major policy measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period (2006-2010), and has achieved remarkable results. The “Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China†formulated and implemented in 2011 established the policy orientation of green and low-carbon development in the next five years and defined the objectives and tasks for addressing climate change. In the international negotiations on climate change, China has always played an active and constructive role in pushing forward the negotiation process and made important contributions to coping with global climate change. In order to enable the international community to fully understand China's policies and actions to combat climate change during the “11th Five-Year Plan†period, as well as the positive results achieved and the overall deployment of climate change during the “12th Five-Year Plan†period and related negotiating stances, a special publication was made. .
1. Climate Change Mitigation During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China has accelerated the transformation of its economic development model, achieved significant results by adjusting industrial structure and energy structure, saving energy, improving energy efficiency, and increasing carbon sinks.
(I) Optimize the transformation of industrial structure and upgrade traditional industries. Formulate and publish plans for the adjustment and revitalization of the top ten key industries such as automobiles and steels, revise the Catalogue for Guiding Industrial Structure Adjustment, and promulgate the “Several Opinions on Suppressing Overcapacity in Some Industries and Duplicate Construction to Guide the Healthy Development of Industriesâ€. Improve the access threshold for high-energy-consuming industries, carry out energy-saving assessment and review of fixed-asset investment projects, strengthen technological upgrading and upgrading of traditional industries, promote mergers and acquisitions of enterprises, and adjust export tax rebate policies for coal, some nonferrous metals, billets and fertilizers, etc. The products are subject to export tariffs, which suppress the export of high energy-consuming, high-emission and resource-based products. Accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity. Through the "large pressure on small," the cumulative closure of small thermal power units 76.82 million kilowatts, elimination of backward steel production capacity of 72 million tons, iron production capacity of 120 million tons, cement production capacity of 370 million tons, coke production capacity of 107 million tons, paper production capacity of 11.3 million Tons, glass capacity 45 million weight boxes. In the power sector, the thermal power generating unit with a capacity of more than 300,000 kilowatts has increased from 47% in 2005 to 71% in 2010, and the proportion of large-scale blast furnace ironmaking capacity in the iron and steel industry above 1,000 cubic meters has increased from 48% to 61%. The electrolytic aluminum industry The proportion of large pre-baked trough production increased from 80% to more than 90%. The concentration of key industries such as steel, cement, non-ferrous metals, machinery, and automobiles has been significantly increased, and the energy consumption of key industries has been significantly reduced. From 2005 to 2010, thermal power coal consumption dropped from 370 g/kWh to 333 g/kWh, a drop of 10%; overall energy consumption per ton of steel fell from 694 kg of standard coal to 605 kg of standard coal, down 12.8%; cement The energy consumption dropped by 24.6%; the comprehensive energy consumption of ethylene dropped by 11.6%; the comprehensive energy consumption of synthetic ammonia dropped by 14.3%.
Cultivate and expand strategic emerging industries. Formulated and promulgated the "Decision on Accelerating the Cultivation and Development of Strategic Emerging Industries," and clarified the overall thinking, key tasks, and policy measures for cultivating and developing strategic emerging industries. Selected key areas for strategic emerging industries, implemented a number of major projects, and built a number of major projects. Accelerate the construction of a national innovation system, implement knowledge innovation projects and technological innovation projects, and step up major technological breakthroughs. Launched a venture capital project for emerging industries, initiated the establishment of 20 venture capital investments, and supported the growth of innovative companies in strategic emerging industries such as energy conservation and environmental protection and new energy. In 2010, the output value of China’s high-tech manufacturing industry reached 7.6 trillion yuan, ranking second in the world, and more than doubled from 2005.
Accelerate the development of the service industry. Formulate and implement important documents such as "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry" and "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Certain Service Policies and Measures on the Service Industry", and vigorously promote the development of the production, industry, and industry. Issued "Guidelines for Accelerating the Development of High-tech Service Industry." From 2005 to 2010, the average value-added of China's service industry grew at an average annual rate of 11.9%, 0.7% higher than the average annual growth rate of GDP, and the ratio of value added of service industry to GDP increased from 40.3% to 43%.
(B) Save energy, strengthen the target responsibility assessment. Decomposition and implementation of energy-saving target responsibilities, established a statistical monitoring and evaluation system, and regularly evaluated and evaluated the completion of energy-saving targets and the implementation of energy-saving measures in 31 provincial-level governments and 1,000 key enterprises across the country. In 2010, 18 key areas across the country launched special inspections of energy conservation and emission reductions, conducted stringent target responsibility assessments and accountability, and promoted the realization of national energy conservation goals.
Promote energy conservation in key areas. Implement ten key energy conservation projects such as industrial boiler (kiln) reform, cogeneration, energy saving of motor systems, and utilization of waste heat and pressure, carry out energy conservation actions for 1,000 enterprises, strengthen energy conservation management of key energy-consuming enterprises, and promote energy audit and energy efficiency benchmarking activities . Carry out special campaigns for the low-carbon transportation of thousands of enterprises in “cars, boats, roads and ports†and vigorously develop urban public transport. We will increase the implementation rate of mandatory energy-saving standards for newly-built buildings, speed up energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, promote the application of renewable energy in buildings, and carry out energy-saving reforms for office buildings of government agencies. As of the end of 2010, the proportion of mandatory standards for implementing energy conservation in the new construction design phase of urban construction in the country was 99.5%, and the proportion of mandatory standards for energy conservation in the construction phase was 95.4%. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, a total of 4.857 billion square meters of energy-saving building area was built, and a total of 46 million tons of standard coal was formed. Launched energy-saving actions in the retail industry, restricted the production, sale, and use of plastic shopping bags to suppress excessive packaging of goods.
Promote energy-saving technologies and energy-saving products. It issued a total of 115 national key energy-saving technology promotion catalogs in three batches, and promoted seven energy-saving technologies in steel, building materials, and chemical industries. Implementing energy-saving products to benefit people's projects, through financial subsidies to promote efficient lighting products, efficient air conditioning, energy-saving motors and other energy-saving products, through the central financial subsidies to support the promotion of 360 million high-efficiency lighting products, 30 million energy-efficient air-conditioning, 1 million energy-saving cars To achieve annual energy saving capacity of 20 billion kwh. Carry out demonstration and promotion of energy-saving and new energy vehicles, and firstly promote the use of hybrid, pure electric and fuel cell vehicles in public service. Establish a preferential procurement system for energy-saving products, formulate a government procurement list for energy-saving products, and implement mandatory procurement of nine types of energy-saving products such as air-conditioning, computers, and lighting. During the “11th Five-Year Plan†period, a large number of high-efficiency energy-saving technologies such as pure low-temperature waste heat power generation, new cathode aluminum electrolytic tanks, high-voltage frequency conversion, rare earth permanent magnet motors, and plasma-free oil-fired ignition systems have been widely used, and the market share of high-efficiency lighting products reached 67%. The market share of high-efficiency energy-saving air conditioners reaches 70%.
Develop a recycling economy. Develop national "urban mineral" demonstration bases and promote the scale utilization, recycling and high value utilization of waste resources such as mechanical and electrical equipment scrapped, used household appliances, waste plastics, and waste rubber in key cities. Actively promote the comprehensive utilization of bulk industrial solid waste. During the “11th Five-Year Plan†period, comprehensive utilization of fly ash is about 1 billion tons, coal gangue is about 1.1 billion tons, and smelting slag is about 500 million tons. Arrangements for central investment support the construction of remanufacturing industrialization projects. By the end of 2010, China had formed a remanufacturing capacity of 250,000 sets (sets) of automobile engines, transmissions, steering gears, and generators.
Promote energy-saving market mechanisms. Actively use market mechanisms such as contract energy management, power demand side management, and energy saving voluntary agreements to promote energy conservation. In 2010, it promulgated the Opinions on Accelerating the Implementation of Contracted Energy Management and Promoting the Development of Energy-Saving Service Industries, increasing financial support, implementing tax support policies, improving related accounting systems, improving financial services, and strengthening support for energy-saving service industries. From 2005 to 2010, the number of energy-saving service companies increased from 80 to more than 800, the number of employees increased from 16,000 to 180,000, and the scale of energy-saving service industries increased from 4.7 billion yuan to 80.4 billion yuan. * The annual energy saving capacity increased from more than 600,000 tons of standard coal to over 13 million tons of standard coal.
Improve relevant standards. Improve energy-saving engineering design standards for residential buildings in the three different climatic regions of severe cold and cold, hot summer and cold winter, and hot summer and warm winter; design standards for energy-saving design of public buildings and acceptance criteria for the construction quality of building energy-saving projects; issue 27 energy consumption limits for high energy-consuming products Mandatory national standards, 19 national mandatory energy efficiency standards for end-use energy products, the formulation of 15 national standards for the discharge of major pollutants, the issuance of 71 environmental labelling standards, and the introduction of a catalogue of energy efficiency labeling products.
Implement incentive policies. Accelerate the reform of energy price formation mechanism, implement the reform of taxation on refined oil products, implement differentiated electricity prices for high-energy-consuming industries, impose punitive electricity prices on ultra-energy-consuming products, and promote heating metering charges. A special fund for energy conservation and emission reduction was set up. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the central government has invested a total of RMB 225 billion in support of energy-saving technological transformation and promotion of energy-saving products to form an energy-saving capacity of 340 million tons of standard coal. We will steadily push forward the reform of the resource tax system, constantly improve the export tax rebate system, adjust the vehicle purchase tax policy, reform the taxation of vehicles and boats, and issue preferential tax policies for energy conservation and water conservation as well as comprehensive utilization of resources. To implement import tax preferential policies for high-efficiency, energy-saving and low-carbon products.
Through the efforts of all parties, China has completed the energy conservation goals set forth in the “Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€. In 2010, the energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 19.1% compared to 2005, which is equivalent to a reduction in the emission of more than 1.46 billion tons of carbon dioxide. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China’s annual growth rate of energy consumption of 6.6% supported the annual growth rate of the national economy of 11.2%, and the energy consumption elasticity coefficient decreased from 1.04 in the “10th Five-Year Plan†period (2001-2005) to 0.59. Mitigated the contradiction between energy supply and demand.
(III) Developing low-carbon energy sources Accelerate the development of clean energy such as natural gas. We will vigorously develop natural gas, promote the development and utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources such as coalbed methane and shale gas, and issue policies such as fiscal subsidies, tax incentives, power generation access, and electricity price subsidies, formulate and implement overall plans for the implementation and utilization of coal mine gas, and vigorously promote clean coal utilization. , To guide and encourage the use of coal mine gas and the development of CBM on the ground. Natural gas production increased from 49.3 billion cubic meters in 2005 to 94.8 billion cubic meters in 2010, an average annual increase of 14%. Natural gas accounts for 4.3% of China's energy consumption structure. The cumulative extraction of coalbed methane is 30.55 billion cubic meters, and the utilization is 11.45 billion cubic meters, equivalent to 170 million tons of carbon dioxide emission reduction.
Actively develop and utilize non-fossil energy sources. Through the guidance of state policies and capital investment, the development and utilization of low-carbon energy such as hydropower and nuclear power have been strengthened. As of the end of 2010, hydropower installed capacity reached 213 million kilowatts, which was double that of 2005; nuclear power installed capacity was 10.82 million kilowatts, and the scale under construction reached 30.97 million kilowatts. Support the development of new types of renewable energy such as wind power, solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass energy. Improve the on-grid tariff policy for wind power generation. Implementation of "Golden Sun demonstration project" and implementation of bidding for large-scale photovoltaic power plant concessions. We will improve the pricing policy for agricultural and forestry biomass power generation, increase financial support for the development of biomass energy, and strengthen rural biogas construction. In 2010, the installed capacity of wind power increased from 1.26 million kilowatts in 2005 to 31.07 million kilowatts. The installed capacity of photovoltaic power generation increased from less than 100,000 kilowatts in 2005 to 600,000 kilowatts, and the total installed solar water heaters reached 168 million square meters. Biomass power generation capacity is about 5 million kilowatts, annual utilization of biogas is about 14 billion cubic meters, national household biogas reaches about 40 million households, biofuel ethanol utilization is 1.8 million tons, and the total contribution of all kinds of biomass energy is about 15 million. Tons of standard coal.
(IV) Control of non-energy activities Greenhouse gas emissions Strengthen the control of greenhouse gas emissions in industrial production processes, agricultural activities, and waste treatment. The use of carbide slag instead of limestone to produce cement clinker and other raw material substitution technologies, blast furnace slag and fly ash, etc., as mixed materials to produce cement, and other processes, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment are used to treat nitrous oxide in the production process. Emissions, catalytic decomposition and thermal oxidative decomposition Treatment of adipic acid production N2O emissions, thermal oxidation methods HFC-23 capture and removal. Accelerate the transformation of animal husbandry production methods and reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions from farmland cultivation and livestock and poultry husbandry. The implementation of the Soil Organic Matter Enhancement and Subsidy Project was initiated, and a total of nearly 30 million mu of technical measures including straw return, green manure planting, and organic fertilizer application were promoted. We will improve urban waste standards, implement a living waste treatment and charging system, promote the use of advanced waste incineration technologies, and formulate incentive policies to promote the recycling and utilization of landfill gas. Actively carry out carbon capture, utilization and storage technology research and demonstration. According to preliminary statistics, as of the end of 2010, N2O emissions from China's industrial production process were basically stable at the level of 2005, and the rate of increase of methane emissions was controlled to a certain extent.
(5) Increasing carbon sinks to increase forest carbon sinks. We will continue to implement ecological construction projects such as the “Three North†key shelterbelt project, the key shelter forest project in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the project of returning farmland to forests, the protection of natural forests, and the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project, and conduct carbon sinks and afforestation pilots to strengthen forestry operations and With continuous management and increasing forest reserves, the central government has increased the subsidies for afforestation. The subsidy per mu has increased from 100 yuan to 200 yuan and the China Green Carbon Sink Association has been established. At present, China has preserved 26 million hectares of planted forest, and the country’s forest area has reached 195 million hectares. The forest coverage rate has increased from 18.21% in 2005 to 20.36% in 2010, and the forest reserves have reached 13.721 billion cubic meters. It reached 7.811 billion tons.
Raise farmland and grassland carbon sinks. In grassland pastoral areas, grassland protection systems such as grass-animal balance, grazing ban, grazing, and rotational grazing are implemented to control the amount of livestock carried by the grasslands and to prevent grassland degradation. We will expand the scope of implementation of the project to restore grazing land to grassland and strengthen the construction of artificial feeding grassland and irrigation grassland. Strengthen grassland disaster prevention and control, increase grassland coverage, and increase grassland carbon sinks. By 2010, the country has implemented 64.75 million mu of conservation tillage technology, 167 million mu of mechanized no-tillage sowing, and 428 million mu of smashed mechanized straw.
(6) Local governments actively promote low-carbon development to promote the pilot work of low-carbon provinces and low-carbon cities. In 2010, the pilot work of the national low-carbon provinces and low-carbon cities was started, and five provinces including Guangdong, Hubei, Liaoning, Shaanxi, and Yunnan, and eight cities including Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Nanchang and Baoding were selected as the first Batch pilot. At present, all pilot provinces and cities have set up low-carbon pilot leading groups, compiled low-carbon pilot implementation plans, and proposed carbon intensity reduction targets for the “12th Five-Year†period and 2020 in the region, and in economic development. Actively change the mode of development, deploy key actions, promote the construction of key projects for low-carbon development, vigorously develop low-carbon industries, and promote green and low-carbon development.
All regions actively explore low carbon development experience. Beijing centers on building “humanities Beijing, science and technology Beijing, and green Beijingâ€, accelerating the development of green economy, low-carbon economy and circular economy, vigorously developing strategic emerging industries and modern service industries, accelerating the low-carbon transformation of existing buildings and transportation systems, and advocating Low-carbon consumption and low-carbon lifestyle. Shanghai accelerates the optimization of energy structure, promotes pilots of low-carbon development practice areas in Hongqiao Business District, Chongming Island and other regions, implements the concept of low-carbon development in all aspects of the planning, construction, and operation of the Expo, and carries out “low-carbon Expo Voluntary Emission Reductionâ€. action". Jiangsu Province has identified 4 cities, 10 parks, and 10 companies to carry out pilot projects for low-carbon economy.
II. Adapting to climate change During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China strengthened scientific research and impact assessment of climate change, improved regulations and policies, improved the ability of key sectors to adapt to climate change, and mitigated the adverse effects of climate change on economic and social development and people’s lives.
(1) Strengthen the construction of farmland water conservancy and other infrastructure in the agricultural sector, increase the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, promote the construction of large-scale farmland for drought and flood protection and standard farmland, carry out the reconstruction of large-scale irrigation areas, renovate large-scale irrigation and drainage pumping stations, expand the area of ​​agricultural irrigation, and increase irrigation efficiency. Promote agricultural water-saving technologies, carry out comprehensive reforms of agricultural water prices, and pilot projects for water-saving reform of end-canal systems to improve disaster response capabilities. Establish and improve agricultural weather monitoring and early warning systems. To research and develop high-yield, high-quality, drought-resistant varieties, drought-resistance-resistant varieties, high-temperature-resistant varieties, disease-resistant insects, and other stress-tolerant varieties, expand the planting area of ​​improved varieties, further increase the subsidy of good varieties of crops, and accelerate the integration of good breed breeding, breeding, and promotion. At present, the coverage rate of major varieties of major crops in the country has reached more than 95%, and the contribution rate of improved varieties to grain production has reached about 40%.
(II) Preparation of national comprehensive plans for water resources, flood control plans for the seven major river basins, plans for the prevention and control of mountain flood disasters in the country, national security plans for drinking water sources in cities, and national plans for river and lake ecological protection. Strengthen watershed management and water resources management, and organize the implementation of emergency water diversions such as the introduction of Yellow River and Yellow River, the introduction of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and the introduction of water to the Yangtze River, and the implementation of the ecological replenishment of the Heihe River and the Tarim River. Accelerate the implementation of the most stringent water resources management system and improve the water resources development, utilization, conservation, and protection policy system. We will begin construction of a number of key river basin flood control projects and accelerate the construction of key water projects and key water source projects. Strengthen the management of soil erosion and complete the comprehensive treatment of soil and water conservation area of ​​230,000 square kilometers. Complete the plan to eliminate the danger and reinforce the national large and medium-sized and key small reservoirs. Increase the investment in drinking water safety in rural areas, solve the drinking water safety problem for 210 million rural people, and achieve the UN millennium development related goals six years ahead of schedule.
(3) Strengthening the construction of ocean climate observation networks in the marine sector. Through the development of an ocean observing system, a preliminary observational capability of key marine climate elements in the offshore and part of the oceans of the country has been formed, and a typical marine ecologically sensitive area monitoring system has been preliminarily constructed, effectively improving the capacity of the sea-gas CO2 exchange flux monitoring system. Fully initiated the revision of marine functional zoning at the national and coastal levels, and carried out remediation work on the sea coast and key islands. We will actively carry out demonstration projects for the restoration of marine ecosystems such as mangrove planting, protection of coral reefs, and reforestation of coastal wetlands. The observation and early warning work on marine disasters such as storm surges, waves, tsunami and sea ice has effectively reduced the number of casualties and property losses caused by various types of marine disasters. The monitoring, investigation and assessment of sea level rise, coastal erosion, seawater intrusion and soil salinization were carried out, and the reference tidal levels at 94 tide stations along the coast were re-verified. To carry out comprehensive surveys and assessments of China’s offshore oceans and systematically sort out the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of China’s marine disasters. The annual bulletin on the state of the marine environment in China, the China Sea Level Communiqué, and the China Ocean Disaster Communiqué were issued to provide support for the effective response and defense of various types of marine disasters.
(IV) The National Health Emergency Plan for Natural Disasters (for Trial Implementation) was issued in the field of health and health. The objectives and principles of health emergency response to natural disasters such as floods, droughts, meteorological disasters, and biological disasters were defined, and the health emergency response system for natural disasters was established. Levels and response measures have been formulated for health emergency response work plans for natural disasters of different types. Formulated the "Hypercalcoutics Incident Health Emergency Preparedness Plan (Trial)" and the "National Environment and Health Action Plan (2007-2015)". Organize research on drinking water hygiene, health impacts of air pollution, climatic factors-related infectious disease surveillance, and climate change impacts on vector-borne parasitic diseases and waterborne infectious diseases, and conduct studies on the mechanisms of climate change impacts on environmental-related diseases for research and development. Climate change policies and measures provide technical support.
(5) Meteorological departments in the field of meteorology issued and implemented the Weather Research Plan (2009-2014), the Climate Research Plan (2009-2014), the Applied Meteorological Research Plan (2009-2014), and the Comprehensive Weather Observation The research plan (2009-2014) issued and issued the "China Climate Observing System Implementation Plan" to promote the monitoring, estimation and assessment of climate change in China. Established the first-generation short-term climate prediction model system in China, developed a new-generation global climate system model, and conducted climate change assessments on various aspects such as national food security, water security, ecological security, and human health and safety.
III. Fundamental Capacity Building During the “11th Five-Year Plan†period, China has improved relevant laws and regulations, improved its management system and working mechanism for climate change, strengthened statistical accounting research and system building, raised the level of scientific and technological research, and strengthened climate change education and training. Capacity building has been further strengthened.
(1) Formulating relevant laws and regulations and major policy documents to improve relevant laws and regulations. Formulate or revise relevant laws such as the "Renewable Energy Law," "Circular Economy Promotion Law," "Energy Conservation Law," "Cleaner Production Promotion Law," "Water and Soil Conservation Law," "Island Protection Law," and promulgated "Civil Building Energy Conservation." Regulations, Regulations on Energy Saving in Public Institutions, Regulations on Drought Relief, Provisional Interim Measures for Energy Conservation Evaluation and Examination of Fixed Assets Investment, Measures for Supervision on Energy-saving Supervision of Special Equipment for High Energy Consumption, and Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Energy-saving and Emission-reduction of Central Enterprises "and other regulations. The preparatory work for the legislative response to climate change was carried out.
Formulate and implement China's National Climate Change Program. Clearly address the guiding ideology, major areas, and key tasks of climate change. According to the requirements of the program, 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) have completed preparations for the local climate change program and have fully entered into the organizational implementation phase. The response to climate change has been gradually incorporated into the overall layout of economic and social development in various regions. The important agenda for local governments at all levels. Relevant departments have successively issued relevant action plans and work programs in the marine, meteorological and environmental protection fields.
Issued a series of major policy documents. Released "Long-Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy", "Mid-term and Long-term Development Plan for Nuclear Power", "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" for Renewable Energy Development, "Decision on Strengthening Energy Conservation Work", and "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Circular Economy" 》and other important documents. The 2007 “Eleventh Five-Year Plan for Comprehensive Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction†released in 2007 clearly defined the specific targets, key areas, and policies and measures for energy conservation and emission reduction, and played an important role in the energy conservation and emission reduction work during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period.
(II) Perfecting the management system and working mechanism Establishing and improving the national climate change management system and working mechanism under the unified leadership of the leading group on climate change, the centralized management of the National Development and Reform Commission, the division of work among the relevant departments, and the participation of various local and various industries. . In 2007, China established the National Leading Group to Address Climate Change, the Premier of the State Council is chaired, and the ministers of the relevant 20 departments are members. The National Development and Reform Commission took on the specific tasks of the Leading Group and set up the Department of Climate Change Response in 2008 to be responsible for the overall coordination, coordination, and centralized management of climate change. Relevant departments of the Chinese government have successively established functional agencies and working mechanisms for dealing with climate change, and are responsible for organizing and carrying out work on climate change in this area. In 2010, a coordination and liaison office was established within the framework of the National Climate Change Leading Group to strengthen inter-sector coordination and coordination. The National Expert Committee on Climate Change was strengthened and adjusted, and the scientific decision-making in response to climate change was improved. All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China have established leading groups and specialized agencies for dealing with climate change, and some sub-provincial cities and prefecture-level cities have also established relevant agencies for dealing with climate change. Relevant departments of the State Council have successively established the National Research Institute for Climate Change Strategic Research and International Cooperation Center and Climate Change Research Center. Some universities and research institutes have established climate change research institutes.
(3) Strengthen the establishment of statistical accounting capacity and improve relevant energy statistics systems. The "Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Statistical Monitoring and Assessment Implementation Plan and Measures" was issued and the energy consumption accounting system was further improved. Ten new energy statistics systems were newly established to basically cover the energy consumption of all sectors of society. Various localities have improved the establishment and staffing of energy statistics agencies and strengthened energy statistics. All provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government) have established energy statistics agencies, and key energy-using units have also strengthened energy statistics and measurement. Establish a reporting system for energy use status of key energy-using units and standardize reporting and reporting of energy use status of key energy-using units. Develop technical guidelines for forestry carbon sink measurement monitoring and promote the construction of forestry carbon sink measurement and monitoring systems.
Enhance greenhouse gas emissions accounting. Following the submission of the "Initial National Information on Climate Change of the People's Republic of China" to the "Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention"), China organized the preparation of China's 2005 greenhouse gas emissions inventory and the second national information bulletin. . The establishment of the China Greenhouse Gas Inventory database, the release of the "Guidelines for the preparation of provincial greenhouse gas emission inventories (Trial)", the initiation of the preparation of provincial greenhouse gas inventory, and the launch of a series of training activities.
(4) Strengthen support for science, technology and policy research and strengthen basic research. Organize the preparation of the first and second National Climate Change Assessment Report. We carried out research on the relationship between climate change and environmental quality, coordinated control of greenhouse gases and pollutants, mechanisms of climate change and water circulation, and responses to climate change and forestry. Establish future climate change trend datasets and publish climate change forecast datasets in Asia. A number of specialized laboratories for sea-air interactions and climate change have been established and a large number of basic research projects have been carried out.
Promote climate-friendly technology research and development. In the National High-Tech Research and Development Program ("863" Program) and Science and Technology Support Program, the Clean Energy and Efficient Utilization Technology, the Key Industry Industrial Energy Saving Technology and Equipment Development, the Key Technology and Material Development of Building Energy Conservation, Key Technologies and Clean Production Key Technologies and Equipment The research and development of energy-saving technologies, such as the development model of low-carbon economy industries and the integration of key technologies, have resulted in a number of invention patents and major achievements with independent intellectual property rights. We will promote technology research and development in areas such as renewable energy and new energy development and utilization technologies, and smart grid key technologies. To carry out R&D on the use of greenhouse gases for enhanced oil recovery, the utilization of underground oil, the evaluation of the storage capacity of saltwater layers, the safety, and the preparation and screening of new types of highly efficient adsorption materials. In the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" science and technology support plan, key projects for climate change impacts and adaptation research, demonstration demonstrations for climate change adaptation technologies in typical vulnerable areas, and other project topics will be deployed. Carbon emission satellites will be organized for carbon emission monitoring. Through the “863†plan and support plan, projects such as research and demonstration of carbon sequestration and emission reduction technologies in key agriculture and forestry ecosystems, research and demonstration of key technologies in forestry ecological construction, research on monitoring, early warning, and regulation of agricultural major climate disasters have been established. Implementing the National Science and Technology Support Program “Evaluation and Application of Energy-saving and Emission-reducing Technologies in Key Industriesâ€. In 2010, the National Engineering Research (Technical) Center and the National Engineering Laboratory reached 288 and 91 respectively.
Strengthen research on climate change strategies and policies. Focusing on the major tasks of tackling climate change during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, we will study the long-term strategy for combating climate change, carry out China's low-carbon development strategy, the national overall climate change adaptation strategy, carbon emission trading mechanisms, and domestic and international research on relevant laws and regulations concerning climate change. Launched China's special scientific and technological action for addressing climate change, with a total investment of about 110 million yuan, to carry out major research on China's green development strategy and technical issues.
(e) Strengthen education and training Gradually incorporate climate change into the national education system. Chinese and higher education institutions have stepped up education on the environment and climate change, successively established environmental and climate change-related majors, and strengthened the construction of climate change education and scientific research bases, playing a positive role in training professionals in the field of climate change.
Strengthen the training of leading cadres on climate change knowledge. By organizing collective learning, lectures, and reporting sessions, we can effectively raise the awareness of the climate change and the scientific management of leading cadres at all levels. Relevant departments of the Central Government held training courses on climate change, sustainable development and environmental management, training courses for decision-makers at the provincial level on climate change, training courses on administrative capacity of local government officials for clean development mechanisms, and workshops on capacity building for adaptation to climate change. , provincial greenhouse gas inventory preparation capacity building training class. Local governments have also actively conducted climate change-related training.
4. The whole society participates in China actively promotes scientific knowledge on climate change, raises public awareness of low-carbon development, places emphasis on the enthusiasm of non-government organizations, the media, etc., and adopts various channels and means to guide all citizens to actively participate in climate change action.
(1) The government has actively guided the preparation and publication of the Annual Report on China's Policies and Actions in Response to Climate Change since 2008, which will fully introduce China's policies and progress in combating climate change. Organize and carry out a series of activities in the “Energy Conservation Week†to popularize energy conservation, emission reduction and climate change knowledge. Utilizing theme days such as World Environment Day, World Meteorological Day, World Earth Day, World Oceans Day, World Car Free Day, National Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day, and National Science Popular Day, we will actively carry out science propaganda on climate change. Some local governments, including Beijing, Tianjin, Guiyang, etc., have organized activities such as large-scale international symposiums, forums, and exhibitions in areas such as climate change, energy conservation, and environmental protection to strengthen exchanges of experience in low-carbon development with countries around the world, and strengthen public response to climate change and energy conservation. Low-carbon awareness. We should give full play to the role of traditional media such as newspapers, radio, television, and magazines, as well as new media such as the Internet and mobile phones, and step up publicity and education in response to climate change and energy conservation and low carbon.
(2) Non-governmental organizations actively promote the establishment of a low-carbon land and soil experimental zone by the China National Territorial Economics Association. The China Environmental Protection Federation and the China Tourism Association carry out the first batch of trials of low-carbon tourism pilot zones in 48 tourist attractions, the China Iron and Steel Association and the National The General Trade Union organizes the national competition for energy saving and consumption reduction for key large-scale energy-consuming iron and steel production equipment. The China Energy Conservation Association and other organizations hold high-level media forums on climate change and low-carbon economic development. Coal Industry Association of China, China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Association, China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, China Federation of Building Materials, China Electric Power Enterprise Association, etc. In the industry, energy saving planning, the formulation and implementation of energy-saving standards, energy-saving technology promotion, energy consumption statistics, energy-saving Promotional training and information consultation have played an important role. Some public welfare organizations also actively carried out publicity and education activities and raised public awareness of climate change.
(III) The news media vigorously promoted the efforts of the Chinese media to constantly increase their efforts to cope with climate change and energy conservation and low-carbon propaganda coverage. Prepared and published a series of science propaganda albums on climate change and meteorological disaster prevention, and produced films such as “Climate Changeâ€, “The Warming of the Earthâ€, “Climate Changeâ€, “The World is Cool and Hotâ€, etc. To timely track and report global hot news on climate change, actively introduce China's policies, actions and progress in addressing climate change, advocate the concept of low-carbon life, increase understanding and awareness of climate change in all sectors of society, and demonstrate China’s efforts in combating climate change. Efforts and achievements.
(d) Public participation in the Chinese public actively responds to climate change with practical actions, and extensive participation in self-provided shopping bags, double-sided use of paper, control of air-conditioning temperature, non-use of disposable chopsticks, purchase of energy-saving products, low-carbon travel, low-carbon diet,低碳居ä½ç‰èŠ‚能低碳活动，从日常生活衣ã€é£Ÿã€ä½ã€è¡Œã€ç”¨ç‰ç»†å¾®ä¹‹å¤„，实践低碳生活消费方å¼ã€‚å„地公众积æžå‚与“地çƒä¸€å°æ—¶â€å€¡è®®ï¼Œåœ¨æ¯å¹´3月最åŽä¸€ä¸ªæ˜ŸæœŸå…晚熄ç¯ä¸€å°æ—¶ï¼Œå…±åŒè¡¨è¾¾ä¿æŠ¤å…¨çƒæ°”候的æ„愿。开展åƒåé’年环境å‹å¥½ä½¿è€…行动ç‰æ´»åŠ¨ï¼Œåœ¨æœºå…³ã€å¦æ ¡ã€ç¤¾åŒºã€å†›è¥ã€ä¼ä¸šã€å…¬å›å’Œå¹¿åœºç‰å®£è®²çŽ¯ä¿ç†å¿µï¼Œå€¡å¯¼ä½Žç¢³ç”Ÿæ´»ï¼Œè·µè¡Œç»¿è‰²æ¶ˆè´¹ã€‚在全国一些大ä¸åŸŽå¸‚，低碳生活æˆä¸ºæ—¶å°šï¼Œäººä»¬å¼€å§‹è¿½æ±‚简约ã€ä½Žç¢³çš„生活方å¼ã€‚上海ã€é‡åº†ã€å¤©æ´¥ç‰åŸŽå¸‚开展“酷ä¸å›½â€”—全民低碳行动â€ï¼Œè¿›è¡Œå®¶åºç¢³æŽ’放调查和分æžã€‚哈尔滨ç‰åŸŽå¸‚开展了节能å‡æŽ’社区行动，动员社区内的家åºã€å¦æ ¡ã€å•†æœã€æœºå…³å‚与节能å‡æŽ’。ä¸å›½å„地的大ã€ä¸ã€å°å¦ç§¯æžå®£ä¼ 低碳生活ã€ä¿æŠ¤çŽ¯å¢ƒï¼Œä¸€äº›é«˜æ ¡æ出建设“绿色大å¦â€ç‰ç›®æ ‡ï¼Œå¾—到广泛å“应。
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Shandong Xinsuju Steel Co.,Ltd. , https://www.suscoil.com