Before humans invented silicon-based solar cells, diatoms in nature began to use silicon dioxide to collect solar energy. The construction of algae shells using sunlight is the best donor for the construction of future solar cell raw materials and models. The largest cross-disciplinary team in Scandinavia, which is formed by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the Norwegian Institute of Science and Industry (SINTEF), is using diatoms and other unicellular algae as templates for future solar cell research to produce solar energy. Diatom solar cells comparable to algae.
Algae has 200 doors and more than 100,000 species. Most of them live in seawater and can use solar energy for photosynthesis. Algae is the most successful light energy utilization organism in the world and has the highest utilization of light energy. It can reflect solar light less and capture solar energy through the pores of the grid. The greatest secret of the efficient use of sunlight by algae lies in its outer shell, where the single cell diatom shell is the best model. The diatom shell is composed of hexagonal micropores with 10~50nm hexagonal pores, which are extremely complex and precise. This complex structure can make the incident light unable to escape. The project leader Gabriella Tranell said that this densely-textured algae shell not only enhances the hardness and strength of the diatom, gives it a suspended mechanical property, but also enhances the physiological functions of transporting nutrients, adsorption, and adhesion. And it prevents the entry of harmful substances and enhances the light absorption rate.
The team has screened the finest microalgae in the outer shell structure from over 10,000 diatoms in the world: F. cucumerinum, Chaetoceros mures, Featherium algae, and Mesophytes. Among them, the exine structure of the sieved algae is the best, but the sieved algae are difficult to cultivate. Using nanotechnology, researchers used precious metals with good ductility as raw materials, and diatom shells as molds to reproduce diatom-encased structures with high-quality optical properties using biotemplate methods. The various structural and optical properties of the replica of the gold bionic structure were then tested and simulated using a computer. Afterwards, the optical tests of the structures (such as different apertures, shapes, etc.) of the components of different shell layers obtained through computer simulations explain the principles of diatom shell capturing sunlight and reflecting sunlight, and the optimal angle and structure of incident light. Based on this, the best light absorption model for computer simulation was obtained and the best diatom shell in nature was sought.
In reality, in order to make the surface of the diatom shell not covered with other impurities and form a single layer of the shell that does not overlap each other, researchers first use alginic acid to wash away all the organic substances and impurities from the shell, and then try to make the negatively charged diatom shell in the A flat monolayer is formed on the positively charged plate. In addition, researchers have also tried a gradient density method that allows diatoms to naturally form single cell outer shells at the interface between two incompatible liquid phases, such as water and chloroform.
Obtaining high-quality, heat-resistant, chemical-resistant diatom shells is the top priority for diatoms. The team regulated the diatom synthesizing crust by controlling nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, vitamins, and trace elements in the medium. By reducing the silicate concentration and adding titanium dioxide through a certain period of time, the surface of the outer shell is covered with conductive titanium dioxide.
Research director Gabriella Tranell stated that although it is not possible to determine the time to market for solar cells produced with diatom shells and nanotechnology, she firmly believes that their team can succeed and use biomimetic principles to make solar cells behave like plants, depending on the position of the sun. And intensity adjust its position and its bionic structure.
With the continuous development of drilling production, the use conditions of drilling rigs have become more and more diversified, and various types of drilling rigs have appeared accordingly. Factors affecting the type and composition of drilling rigs include drilling method, drilling depth, borehole size and drilling tool size, and drilling area conditions (such as electricity or fuel, transportation, and meteorological conditions).
1. According to drilling method
(1) Impact drilling rigs, such as wire rope impact drilling rigs (drilling rigs), vibration drilling rigs, etc.
(2) Rotary drilling rigs, such as those used in rotary drilling.
(3) Downhole power drilling tools, such as rotary drilling tools, turbo drilling tools, screw drilling tools, electric drilling tools, etc.
2. Divided by drilling depth
(1) Ultra-deep well drilling rig. It adopts a drilling rig with a diameter of 114 mm drill pipe, a nominal drilling depth range of more than 7000 meters, and a maximum hook load of more than 4,500 kN.
(2) Deep well drilling rig. The drill rod is 114 mm in diameter, the nominal drilling depth is 4000-7000 meters or more, and the maximum hook load is 2250-4500 kN or more.
(3) Drilling rigs for medium and deep wells. It adopts a drilling rig with a diameter of 114 mm drill pipe, a nominal drilling depth range of 1500-4000 meters or more, and a maximum hook load of 900-2250 kN or more.
Three, according to power equipment
(1) Diesel Engine-driven drilling rigs, which use diesel engines as power through mechanical transmission or hydraulic transmission.
(2) AC driven drilling rig, suitable for use in oil fields with industrial power grids.
(3) The drilling rig is driven by direct current, and the working unit is driven by a direct current motor.
Fourth, according to the driving mode
(1) Drive alone. Each working machine is driven by generators of different sizes, which are mostly used for electric drive. The transmission is simple and easy to install, but the power utilization rate is low and the total equipment mass is large.
(2) Unified drive. The three working units of drawworks, drilling Pump and turntable are driven by the same power unit. Most drilling rigs use this scheme. The unified drive can also include only one drilling pump, and the other drilling pump is driven separately. The unified drive drilling rig has high power utilization and can be adjusted mutually when the engine fails, but the transmission is complicated, installation and adjustment are troublesome, and the transmission efficiency is low.
(3) Group drive. The combination of power is between individual drive and unified drive. There are two options for three working machines. The power utilization rate of this kind of drilling rig is higher than that of a single drive, and the transmission ratio is simple to drive in a unified manner. Two sets of working machines can also be installed on different heights and scattered sites.
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