The survival and growth of seedlings requires nutrition. Here is a brief introduction to the commonly used fertilizers and methods of use in nursery fields.
First, single fertilizer
(1) Nature and application of nitrogen fertilizer
(1) Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]. The nitrogen content is 20~21%. White crystal, not easy to absorb moisture and agglomerate in the air, convenient for storage and transportation.
Ammonium sulfate can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing, but it is best to use top dressing in wet areas. It should not be applied in large quantities continuously and singly, but should be applied in combination with other nitrogen fertilizers. For example, when combined with ammonium bicarbonate, such as ammonium bicarbonate as base fertilizer, ammonium sulfate as top dressing is good, which can improve fertilizer efficiency.
(2) Ammonium chloride (NH4CI). The nitrogen content is 24 to 26%, white crystal, and does not absorb moisture. Because of the chloride ion contained in ammonium chloride, it has an adverse effect on seed germination and seedling growth, so it is not suitable for seed fertilizer.
(3) Ammonium hydrogencarbonate (NH4HCO3). The nitrogen content is 17%. White crystal, its biggest deficiency is easy to decompose by itself, resulting in the loss of NH3, moisture, heat, and packaging damage during storage and transportation, and can not be stored in the same reservoir as the seed; do not use seed fertilizer to avoid volatile NH3 smoldering Seeds lose their germination power; as base fertilizer and top dressing, they should be applied deep (6-10 cm) and immediately cover the soil.
(4) Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The nitrogen content is 33~35%. The white crystal is easily soluble in water and has strong hygroscopicity. After water absorption, it will form a hard block after drying. Ammonium nitrate is flammable, and it is easy to explode at high temperatures. It cannot be placed together with flammable materials during storage and transportation. The wetted agglomerates can be lightly crushed with a wooden stick, and can not be slammed with a hammer to avoid accidental explosion. It is best not to use base fertilizer when using, and it is not suitable for seed fertilizer, because it is easy to absorb water and dissolve on the seed, affecting seed germination. Ammonium nitrogen in ammonium nitrate is easily volatilized, and it is necessary to apply soil for topdressing. Sandy soil should be applied in small quantities several times to avoid causing loss of N03.
(5) Urea [CO(NH2)2] has a nitrogen content of 44~46%. It is a high concentration of solid nitrogen fertilizer, which is easily soluble in water. After urea is applied to the soil, it must be converted into ammonium bicarbonate by microorganisms. It is absorbed and utilized by plants. Its conversion rate is related to temperature and soil moisture. Generally, it takes about one week in spring and autumn and two to three days in summer. In order to prevent the loss of ammonia, urea should be applied to the soil.
The product of urea conversion, ammonium bicarbonate, renders the soil solution temporarily alkaline. If the alkalinity is too high, it has a certain toxic effect on seeds and seedlings. Therefore, urea is applied in the nursery, especially for the seedlings of conifer species. Urea is generally not suitable for seed fertilizer, and can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing, especially suitable for top dressing. For the root dressing, it should be formulated into a 0.1~0.3% solution spray. The spraying time should be moist in the morning and evening, and it should be suitable when there is dew.
(2) Properties and application of phosphate fertilizer
(1) Superphosphate. The available phosphorus (P205) content is 12~18%, grayish white powder, acidic reaction, corrosive packaging, easy to absorb moisture, and will reduce its effectiveness after moisture absorption. Therefore, pay attention to moisture when storing and transporting.
Calcium phosphate is applied in acidic soil rich in iron and aluminum and calcareous soil rich in calcium. During the movement of phosphate ions, it can react with calcium, iron and aluminum ions in the soil to form insoluble phosphoric acid. Salt to reduce fertilizer efficiency. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer should be concentrated and applied deep in the roots of the seedlings to facilitate the absorption of roots. Superphosphate is suitable as base fertilizer and seed fertilizer. It is best not to do topdressing. If it is necessary, it should be applied as early as possible and concentrated. In the late growth stage of seedlings, root dressing is used, that is, the superphosphate is formulated into a solution of about 1% for a day and night, and the precipitate is filtered and sprayed, and the effect is good.
(2) Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer. Containing 14 to 25% of available phosphorus, gray-green or taupe powder, no moisture absorption and agglomeration, no corrosion of packaging materials, long-term storage is not easy to deteriorate. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizers can also supplement calcium, magnesium and other elements in the soil in addition to phosphorus. The effect of applying fertilizer on acidic soil exceeds that of superphosphate. The effect of fertilizer applied on calcareous soil is related to the grain size of fertilizer. The finer the particle size, the higher the fertilizer efficiency. Because it is insoluble in water, it is not easy to be leached in the sand and the effect is good. It can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing, but it is best to apply deep fertilizer. It should be applied intensively, and the topdressing should be applied early.
(3) Phosphate rock powder. The composition contains tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2], which is a poorly soluble delayed-acting fertilizer, which can only be produced by applying it in acidic soil. Some plants have a strong ability to absorb acid-soluble phosphate fertilizer. For example, legumes can enhance the nitrogen fixation capacity of rhizobium in nursery, and have a significant effect on promoting the growth and development of hedgehog. Mainly used as base fertilizer, it should be evenly applied during application to increase the contact area between fertilizer and soil. In order to improve the fertilizer efficiency, it can be stacked together with organic fertilizer or mixed with physiological acid fertilizer.
(3) Properties and application of potash fertilizer
(1) Potassium sulfate (K2SO4). Containing K2O 50%, white crystal, soluble in water, quick-acting potassium, non-hygroscopic. Long-term application of potassium sulphate on acidic soil will enhance soil acidity and should be properly compounded with alkaline fertilizer. It can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. When it is used as base fertilizer, it should be applied in depth. For topdressing, it should be applied in stages to prevent water loss.
(2) Potassium chloride (KCl). Containing K2O50~60%, white crystal, easy to absorb moisture, will agglomerate after a long time storage.
The method of applying potassium chloride is similar to that of potassium sulfate. Because of the chloride ion, it is not suitable for chlorine plants and saline soil.
(3) Grass ash, the remaining ash after burning of plant residues. In addition to potassium, it also contains phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements, especially calcium, potassium and phosphorus. The form of potassium is mainly potassium carbonate and is an alkaline fertilizer. Can not be mixed with ammonium nitrogen fertilizer to avoid loss of volatilization.
The grass ash is suitable for various soils other than saline and alkaline soils, especially acidic soils. Can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing and cover fertilizer. It has a high fertilizer effect on legumes. When fertilizing, mix a small amount of wet soil or add a small amount of water to make the ash moist. When seedlings are planted on the nursery seedbed, there is a role of warming, loosening the topsoil and inhibiting pests and diseases.
Second, compound fertilizer
Two or more of the main nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are called compound fertilizers, and the two kinds of main nutrient elements are called binary compound fertilizers, and three kinds of ternary compound fertilizers are included. Compound fertilizer can supply several nutrients at the same time, with various ratios, easy to select, convenient for storage and fertilization.
1. Ammonium phosphate [NH4H2PO4 and (NH4)2-HPO4], containing N10~18%, P2O5 44~52%, is a white crystalline substance, soluble in water, is a high concentration quick-acting compound with less nitrogen and less phosphorus. fertilizer.
Ammonium phosphate can be used as base fertilizer and seed fertilizer. But when it comes to seeding. Avoid contact with seeds directly; when used as base fertilizer, the fertilization point should not be too close to the young root shoots to avoid burning seedlings. For topdressing, it is necessary to apply it early. The application effect on phosphorus-deficient soil is obvious, but it can not be mixed with alkaline fertilizer such as grass ash and lime to avoid the evaporation of ammonia and reduce the effectiveness of phosphorus.
2. Potassium nitrate (KNO3). It is a potassium-based binary compound fertilizer based on potassium. White or yellowish fine crystal particles, low hygroscopicity, not easy to agglomerate, soluble in water.
Potassium nitrate is suitable for top dressing application. It may be applied alone or in combination or in combination with ammonium sulfate or the like.
Third, trace element fertilizer
A substance containing a trace element such as boron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum or iron is referred to as a trace element fertilizer such as borax or copper sulfate.
The content of trace elements in the soil is generally sufficient for long-term use of plants. Insufficient supply of trace elements, mostly due to the influence of soil conditions, the lack of effective amount. Symptoms of general lack of trace elements are first manifested in new tissue. The application of trace element fertilizer must be carried out on the basis of reliable diagnosis. The application concentration should be cautious, and the excessive amount may cause side effects such as seedling poisoning.
The most commonly used boron fertilizers are borax (Na2B4O7?10H2O) and boric acid (H3BO3). Both are white fine crystals, borax contains 11% boron, boric acid contains 17% boron, and both are soluble in water. Borax and boric acid can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing. 0.12 to 0.2 kg per mu is used as the base fertilizer, and the fertilizer effect lasts for 3 to 5 years. The seed fertilizer was soaked in a 0.05% solution for 6 to 12 hours. The concentration of external application is generally 0.25-1.0 g boric acid or 0.5-2.0 g borax per liter of water, and the spray volume per acre is about 50-75 kg. Because boron has poor ability to run in plants, it should be sprayed at least 2 to 3 times for foliar spray.
2, iron fertilizer. The commonly used iron fertilizer is ferrous sulfate (Fe-SO4?7H2O), also known as black carp and green carp. Pure product is green crystal, containing 19% iron, soluble in water. It can be oxidized to yellow or rust in the air. In order to avoid soil fixation, the application of ferrous sulfate should be sprayed. Generally, the foliar spray concentration is 0.05~1%.
3. Zinc fertilizer. The commonly used zinc fertilizer is zinc sulfate, which is easily soluble in water. Zinc fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing. As a base fertilizer, 0.75 kg per mu, mixed with physiological acid fertilizer, deep application near the root system. For the seed fertilizer, use 1 to 3 grams of seed dressing per kg of seed. The root dressing is sprayed with a 0.5 to 5% solution.
4, copper fertilizer. The commonly used copper fertilizer is copper sulfate. Blue crystal, soluble in water. Toxic, can be used as a pesticide. Copper sulphate is used as the base fertilizer. The general dosage is 1-2 kg per mu, and it is applied once every 3 to 5 years. For seed fertilization, use 1 to 2 grams of seed dressing per 0.5 kg of seed or soak seeds with a concentration of 0.01 to 0.5%. The commonly used concentration of foliar spray is 0.02~0.04%.
5, manganese fertilizer. The commonly used manganese fertilizer is manganese sulfate. Light pink crystal, soluble in water. It is suitable for base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing. The base fertilizer is used in an amount of 2 to 2.5 kg per mu, and it is beneficial to improve the fertilizer efficiency after mixing with the physiological acid fertilizer. The seed fertilizer can be soaked in a 0.05 to 0.1% solution for 12 to 24 hours. The application rate of the external fertilization of 0.05~0.1% is better than that of the seedling stage.
6, molybdenum fertilizer. Common molybdenum fertilizers are ammonium molybdate and sodium molybdate. White or light yellow crystal, soluble in water. Water-soluble molybdenum fertilizers such as ammonium molybdate are commonly used for seed treatment and extra-fertilization. The soaking concentration is the same as that of manganese fertilizer. The amount of seed dressing is generally 2 to 6 grams per kilogram of seeds. The spraying concentration of ammonium molybdate is generally 0.01 to 0.1%, and about 50 kg per acre. Phosphate fertilizer can obviously promote the absorption of molybdenum by plants, and can be applied at the same time.
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