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Researchers at Indiana University in the United States have developed a virus-like biomaterial that catalyzes the formation of hydrogen for the production of biofuels.
Biomaterials or "nano-reactors", Indiana University scientists describe it as placing the modified enzyme in the protective protein shell of the virus, called the capsid.
The resulting catalyst in the "nanoreactor" was 150 times more efficient than the unmodified form of the enzyme.
Essentially, we have used the virus's own ability to assemble numerous gene building blocks and integrate very fragile and sensitive enzymes that enable it to significantly absorb protons and release hydrogen, said Indian University chemist Trevor Douglas.
He added: "The end result is that a virus-like particle can also catalyze the production of hydrogen like a highly sophisticated material."
The genetic material used to generate enzymes and hydrogenases is the insertion of two common bacteria into the capsid E.coli gene, using methods previously used by Indiana University scientists. The two genes are hyaA and hyaB, respectively, and the two genes encode the key subunits of the hydrogenase in E. coli. The coat of bacterial viruses is called bacteriophage P22.
Researchers at Indiana University say that the resulting biomaterial, called "P22-Hyd," is not only more effective than a stationary enzyme, but also produced at room temperature through a simple fermentation process.
In a statement, the researchers said: "The production of this material is cheaper and more environmentally friendly than other materials used today."
"For example, expensive and rare metal platinum, usually used to catalyze hydrogen as a fuel product, such as high-end concept cars."
"This material is comparable to platinum and it's truly renewable," explains Douglas. “You don’t need to dig it. You can produce it on a large scale at room temperature using fermentation technology. It is biodegradable. This is a very green process that produces a very high-end sustainable material.â€
Heat sink is a vital component that helps to dissipate heat from electronic devices. These devices generate heat as they operate, which can damage the internal components and cause malfunctions. In this article, we will explore what heat sinks are, how they work, and why they are important.
What is a heat sink?
A heat sink is a hardware device that is used to regulate the temperature of electronic components by dissipating heat. It is usually made out of an aluminum or copper plate with fins, which help to increase the surface area and improve the efficiency of heat transfer. Heat sinks are commonly used in electronic devices such as computers, power supplies, and mobile phones.
How do heat sinks work?
The purpose of a heat sink is to transfer heat from an electronic component to the surrounding environment. When electronic components such as CPUs or GPUs become hot, the heat is transferred to the metal plate of the heat sink. The heat sink then uses its fins to increase the surface area for the transfer of heat to the air. As the air flows over the fins, it absorbs the heat and carries it away, thus cooling the electronic component.
Why are heat sinks important?
Heat sinks play a significant role in ensuring that electronic devices function correctly and have an extended lifespan. Here are a few key reasons why heat sinks are important:
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Improved performance: When electronic components become too hot, they can malfunction or slow down. Heat sinks help to regulate the temperature of these components, allowing them to operate at their full potential.
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Extended lifespan: Overheating can cause damage to electronic components, leading to a shortened lifespan. Heat sinks help to prevent this by ensuring that the components are kept within their safe temperature range.
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Reliability: By preventing excessive overheating, heat sinks contribute to the overall reliability of electronic devices, reducing the risk of malfunctions and failures.
In summary, heat sinks are an essential component of electronic devices that help to regulate the temperature of electronic components. They improve performance, extend the lifespan of devices, and contribute to their overall reliability. Regular maintenance, cleaning, and replacement of damaged heat sinks are crucial for ensuring the optimal functioning of electronic devices.
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